Twin shkiri. Shkiryane virobnitstvo
double goal (shkiri)- NDP. sawing the head (shkiri) scalding the head (shkiri) The sawing of the head (shkiri) according to the tovshchina that was put on the sprat of balls. [GOST 3123 78] Unacceptable, not recommended sawing of the head (shkiri) scalding of the head (shkiri) Themes of the skins… Dovіdnik technical translation
The operation of silk weaving, which is based on rozpodіlі silk liquor on the basis of tovshchina on kіlka (sound 2 3) balls. D. win with the method of possession of the shkіri of the equal comradeship. D. give a drink product, ... Great Radianska Encyclopedia
- (nervi craniales; synonymous with craniocerebral nerves) nerves that enter the brain or enter to the new one. There are 12 pairs of Ch. n., which innervate the shkir, m'yazi, burrows (slugs and slugs) and other organs of the head and shi, as well as a number of organs. Medical Encyclopedia
DISAPPOINTMENT- DISTURBED. Under the troubles, understand “disorder the functions of the creatures. organism, viklikanni exogenous or endogenous, chemically or physically and chemically toxic speeches, like viscous vigor, quantity or concentrations of others ...
I Obstezhennya ailing Obstezhennia ailing complex doslіdzhen, contributions to the identification of individual characteristics of the ailing, the diagnosis of ailments, the rationalization of rational treatment, the prognosis. Obyag doslіdzhen ... Medical Encyclopedia
I Trouble (hostre) Illness that develops as a result of exogenous influx on the human body or creatures of chemical diseases in the bones, which cause damage to physiological functions and create unsafe conditions for life. At… Medical Encyclopedia
I Diffuse toxic goiter (struma diffusa toxica; synonym: Graves' disease, Graves' disease, diffuse thyrotoxic goiter, Parr's disease, Flayan's disease) is a disease of an autoimmune nature, which is based on genetic delusions ... Medical Encyclopedia
NIRKI- NIRKI. Editorial: I. Anatomy of P.................... 65$ II. Histology P.. ................ 668 III. Porіvnyalna fіzіologiya 11......... 675 IV. Pat. anatomy II 680 V. Functional diagnostics 11........ 6 89 VI. Clinic P … Great medical encyclopedia
I Dihal insufficiency of the pathological state, when the system of the ovary breathing does not take care of the normal gaseous warehouse of the blood, otherwise the wounds are taken care of by the less robotic breathing, which shows as a backside. Tse appointment, ... Medical Encyclopedia
- (vasa sanguifera, vaea sanguinea) establish a closed system, through which blood is transported from the heart to the periphery to all organs and tissues and back to the heart. Arteries carry blood from the heart, and through the veins the blood turns to the heart. Medical Encyclopedia
DIABETES- DIABETES OF CULOUS. Edit: Historical data...............50 Global reports and statistics..............51 Pat. anatomy ....... ..........53 Pathogenesis .....................55 Symptomatology and overcoming ... .....57 Lіkuvannya ......................60… … Great medical encyclopedia
Weaving of natural skins
In the range of high quality stages of the technological cycle, processing to the finished product may be less, more better. The “shape” of the shkiri (the upper ball of the shkiri) can be more carefully preserved, so it’s impossible to say that it’s been reinstated. Tse means that it is the responsibility of protecting the seaweed and pori, that it is on the shkir, that it is necessary to work.
TECHNOLOGY VIROBNITSTVA SHKIRI
The technology of shkiri production (reworking of shkiri to finished shkiri) consists of three stages: preparation of shkiri, tanning of shkiri, processing of shkiri.
Canning skins
The procedure for preserving skins is carried out in order to make the skins seep out with salts. Why bother? If the creature was slaughtered, it immediately begins to psuvatisya like її m'yaso, so it is shkir. When preserving the skins, half of the water is used, the skins are dried for three to six days. I’m less likely to run the same syrovina on the shkiryan backwaters for further labors.
1. PREPARATION OF SHKIRI
Preparing the shkiri - tse zmivannya brud, znyattya hair from the skins - the cob stage of processing the sirovin for shkirs, after which the shkir is consumed in the tanning shop. Metoyu tsikh procedures wool and underclothes, as well as preparing the skin to another stage - tanning. At this stage, the skin with hair, as it is called the dermis, transforms into non-tanning, the finished product - naked. At the factory, from the processing of skins, skins of creatures are treated with salts (chloride and sodium carbonate), and then the canned skin is dried. Let's wait for the re-roofing of the shkiri with the help of the adjustment of the re-roofing of the shkiri.
Here you can see the following steps:
Vіdmokuvannya
Wetting the skins: wetting the skins, washing them with chemicals and water. The skins are cleaned with blood, brud, preservative salts, and fat. This process is trivaє from eight to twenty years (everything is left to fall on the basis of what a comrade's shkіra).
Hemming skins
The process has ash
Iya skins look like hair and epidermis from the vibrated skin. Greenery is the basis of the vegetative processing for additional cottonseed suspension. The green shkiri is necessary so that during the further processing of the shkiri, the hair easily enters the shkiri, to reach the necessary swelling of the skin fibers themselves.
Zganyannya inside (znyatya inside)
Wool cutting (wool cutting) is carried out on machines, naming them to speak for themselves - hair-cutting machines.
Napіvfabrikat shkіri after that, as from new wool, staє golem.
Mindfulness
Checking the skins - Tse vydalennya for help of mezdrіlnyh machines pіdshkіr fat ball, zavoї m'yakoti and m'yazіv (mezdry). The first mezdrinnya, as a rule, to roam over the skin after a private bath, and the other mezdrinnya - after that, how to regenerate the wool. With an inaccurately conducted mіzdrinnі on the shkіrі z'yavlyayutsya so filthy nedolіki like whack.
Cleansing the face of the shkіri (cleaning the shkіri)
Cleansing the appearance of shkiri - tse vidallennya reshti short hair zі shkiri.
Iznelyuvannya
Znezolyuvannya vіdbuvaєtsya for vydalennya z obroblyuvanої shkіri kaltsієvykh spoluk (salts). If you don’t work it out, then the skin will come out hard, which by the year you create such defects, like a lamanna denouncing that cage.
Washing the shkiri
Rinse the shkiri with water. The procedure is carried out in order to remove the residual calcium salt and the products of the breakdown of proteins. After washing the sirovina (golle) go to the tanning.
Ale for the poor okremih species Shkіr zastosovuyutsya sche additional preparatory procedures:
Twin shkiri
Twin shkiri oscillate in machines for twin shkiri. Double shkiri ring out vibrating todi, if the target is moving forward
tovshchina. The need for double shkiri is satisfied with the warping of thin, thin shkiri, which is recognized for the top of the inflatable products.
Cheprakuvannya
Cheprakuvannya - tse hed the shkіri, which vibrates, on the so-called topographic plot. Great shkiri are swaying the shackle.
M'akshenya shkiri
M'akshennya shkiri - processing the skin with various enzymes (as a rule, all the enzymes of the pidshlunkovoj ridge), under the action of such skins become m'yakshoy, viscous and smooth. M'akshennya zastosovuyut, as a rule, if you turn the skin for clothes, haberdashery and m'yak zuttevu shkir.
Pikelyuvannya
Pikelyuvannya of skins is given a dressing of naked skins with an acid-salt variety - a pickle. At the process of picking the skin, the skin expands additionally, which leads to the rise of її m'yakostі. Pіklyuvannya for your day є canned shkіri, that shkіri can be saved for a long time and not psuvatisya.
2. SHKIRI tanned
Tanning - a process, if the skins are taken off, they are processed at special tanneries drums, as a result of which the finished product comes out.
The method of tanning is the stabilization of the goal, tobto. the skin is guilty of gaining springiness, plasticity, and also wear resistance. After the tanning of the skin of the vicorist, it is already done without any particular fear of harm.
3. SHKIR'S PRODUCTION
Improvement shkiri maє on the vazі pіd yourself:
Farbuvannya shkiri.
Farbuvannya shkiri vydbuvaetsya different barvnikov, yakі come out of the oil.
Zhirovka shkiri.
After the farbuvannya, the skin is coated with fat, so that it becomes soft.
After that, dry the skin, stretching it on special frames, like putting it in the drying room.
Rozminanny shkіri nadaє їy m'yakіst.
Rolling shkiri.
Cleaning the shkiri.
Pressing the shkiri.
Embossed shkiri.
Lacquered on the skin.
Grinding of the front surface.
Not often the facial surface of the skin can be without scars, pores, sores and other defects. In order to fix these defects, the shkiri are grinded.
Application of wax on the skin.
Nadanny shkіrі such powers like blisk, water resistance, brudovіdshtovhuvannya, vagnestіykіst and so on.
How to roam shkir video
Shkira- all natural material, made from the skins of various creatures. So itself, as there are no two identical creatures, so there are no two identical pieces of shkir. With natural features and defects, it is less to add uniqueness to the finished skin virob. The exotic skins are especially valuable.
Obrobka shkiri, perhaps, one of the most ancient crafts of the earth. The first people began to make the skins of the creatures a thousand years ago. This process can be called the greatest detailed industry. According to the assertions of archaeologists, in ancient Egypt, they found remnants of a fur coat, which was made in the 13th century BC. Three shkiri prepared practically everything. Ancient people vikoristovuvali for zakhistu nіg primitive vzuttya: they wrapped their legs in shreds of the skins of creatures, and they covered them with sinews of skins. To the very best of the minds of the people, sandals were worn, as a substitute, they put a small plank, tied to the feet with skin straps.
They spat on the creatures with a method of removing their meat and fat, but before living in the creatures, they had to take the shkir. For which victorious flint shmatki were made, and later - flint knives. Farther the shkіri were victorious for keeping the bodies of people and turned around, being the first type of chereviks. Ale, the unfinished shkiri soon began to spread and rot. It was noted that the drying of skins on the sun canned them, but as a result, it turned out to be a hard, soft material, which is little added to the preparation of clothes. Skins slid boulo pom'yakshiti. Everything was crushed for help rubbing the skins, which are being prepared, with different fats.
Fat also helped to get wet skins. This kind of dressing, robing the skins of creatures, is soft and elastic. In addition, water was used to turn the skins, and in the yak they added different kinds of measles and yagid. It was revealed that after such skins, the stench became significantly softer and could resist rotting. Active speeches, which can be found near the windmills from the singing dews, and so poured onto the skins of creatures, are called tannins. Tse buv is one of the first methods of tanning shkiri. The step-by-step technique of making speeches from the shkiri was perfected, the objects were remade on the right side of the art.
Without a doubt, all the peoples of the Earth were engaged in shkiryanism, even in ancient times shkira was the most accessible material. Spin and weave the people learned richly. Eels (a group of Finnish peoples - the Finno-Ugric Movna group) sewed chobots with feathers; a lot of tribes embellished the skins of their robes and vzuttya with embroidered stitches and gold, expensive stones, painting, pearls. The Indians sewed the seams on the skinny robe with males from the colorful prickly strips of ribs, so that the seams did not let the water through.
For words, shkiryanism was also the oldest trade. Already in the 6th-7th centuries in Russia, there were different ways of vibrating and turning shkir. The artist's work on shkiri at Pivnochi and in Central Russia was especially developed. So, for example, at the town of Torzhtsi, they vibrated a variety of morocco leather, made pillows, belts, gamants, pouches, and laces from new embroidery with silver, gold, seams. Prior to the First World War, Russia exported qi objects, and also saw the shkir, which the European counterparts turned over for their ugliness.
More slid obov'yazkovo vyznachity wide versatility of the shkir at the book-reading. For a long time, books were written on parchment - hanging on a frame of veal skins. In addition, these shkiri made the book palettes themselves.
The processes that are victorious for the weaving of shkiri in our days, were found by our ancestors for thousands of years. From the old hours, when victorious skins were made, the process of tanning, which is made from the stagnation of the brain of creatures, is like a dzherel of emulsified olives. This process is like "Indian tanning", and this practice is still being won by people on a small scale. This process of tanning is most often used for turning deer skins. This practice has given rise to a vislovlyuvannya, scho "a creature of a maє rozumovі zdіbnosti, which are more likely to be saved for the protection of yoga fluffy shkіri, dead or alive".
Shkir has not lost its relevance to the current world. With all the development of technology and the appearance of new synthetic materials, the skin continues to attract to itself all the new addicts and chanuvals. At our hour, from natural shkіri, a great drink can be made, regardless of their high price.
PRODUCTION OF NATURAL SHKIRI
Obrobka shkirsirovini
It is important that the nayakіsnіsha shkіra is prepared from the shkіr of cows (bik, calves). Won go on vzutya, clothes, upholstery and furniture. Sheep of sheep skins abo kіz (sheepskin, goat), more importantly, vikoristovuyutsya with hairline (like smartly). The skin of pigskins is elastic, but it may have a strong characteristic smell, which is valued lower for others. Skins from crocodile, python, stingray, ostrich and other exotic creatures are vicorous for the manufacture of clothes, clothes, and other business directions.
As a rule, when the thickness of the shkiri is high, there are fewer steps in the technological cycle from processing to the finished shkiri. The order, as to be placed at the re-working of the shkіr with the garne of the individual (under the appearances of the upper ball of the shkir, is understood), sound like a lie in the fact that the person was saved and, navit, lifted. On ready-made products, natural little ones are taken in appearance - wrinkles and pores, like on a raw skin. Applying the palm to the surface of the skin with a natural special (fool grain) otrimuєsh it looks like a natural elastic fiber.
The skins of dairy calves (opiyok), making the lesser comrades in pairs with the skins of grown-up creatures, can compete with them for the talent and endurance. The thick and thin fiber structure of the skins of dairy calves. The process of processing skins to the finished skins can be simply seen as a sequence of three main stages:
Viroblennya shkiri.
Virobka - one of themselves simple ways shkiri, at the same time and the most recent of them.
The production of finished shkіri is to complete the laborious and long process that is formed three main stages silk weaving:
soaking-ash processes;
preparatory processes and tanning;
chemical refinement and farbuvalno-zhiruvalnі processes.
1. Vіdmochno-ash processes
Syrian shkiri: shkiri of great horned thinness, the head rank of shkuribiki and cows, with which they are protected by that vaga category. Siri shkiri are delivered from the same day in Germany and Switzerland, as well as from other regions: wild animal shkiri - from the USA, Pivdenny America, Australia, New Zealand, etc., in the vicarioses there are skins of water buffalo (India and Indonesia), and, more commonly, veal and pig skins.
Preservation: Since the delivery of the shkіra does not take a lot of time and the transfer is negligible, the shkіra is simply frozen. For all kinds of tastes, the supply of salted skins is considered normal.
Notice: The first stage of processing. Shkіri soak, schob to see the ford. The stench is again gaining water. To help the vicorist, the biological health benefits. On the back, the softness reaches the front, then - the main one. After that, like a sheet of rozm'yakshen, there may be some leftovers of meat.
Gilding: Vision of the upper horny ball of skin and hairline. At this stage, a variety of shkir is chosen, which is the basis for a further purpose. Zastosovuvani chem. speeches: vapor and sulfurous sodium, which are then neutralized by acid.
When tsimu put basically the same 4 tsіlі:
1) loosen the ligaments of the hair and the epidermis with the dermis;
2) zdіysniti chastkove omilennya fatty speeches;
3) reach a sufficient swelling of the skin fibers;
4) bring shkir to the chemical mill, tanning is necessary.
In addition, wash the ash and ash to pour in and on such power of the ready-made shkir as mіtsnіst when stretching that water absorption. Mitsnist at the shkir, who have recognized the intense fire of the ash pan, start the mensha. This is due to the breakdown of bonds in the head lance (intramolecular bonds) with such a treatment.
Water resistance with intensive treatment with ash at the skins decreases, which is due to the increase in their porosity.
2. Preparation process With.
Wool cutting. Prepared on special moisture machines. Tsya operation zdіysnyuєtsya pіslya zolinnya, if there is a link between the hair and the dermis of weakening. Napіvfabrikat after driving outside, call it naked.
Repeat: Vision of prizіv m'yasa, tendon and pіdshkіrny fat ball (mezdry). Mezdra vikoristovuєtsya for technical gelatin. The trimmed shkiri are ready for tanning and are called “naked”.
Face cleansing. This operation follows after mezdreniya. Cleaning is more common in short hairs (pіdsіdu), as well as often products of the breakdown of whites and fats.
Znezoluvannya that protryuvannya: The sheet is cleaned from the ash products for additional neutralization, defermentation is carried out - protrusion. The skin is roughened and becomes smooth. Green naked perebuvay at the camp of nazhora - a strong swelling and avenge the great amount of calcium, as if tied with collagen, and vaping salts, which were seen in the vapna.
Buchennya: Serve as preparation for the process of mineral tanning. Goal'ya zanuryuyut at the drum with saline rosemary, and then rounded with weakly concentrated acid. Adding to the hour of the tanning process, the tannins can’t actively pour in, but the bare oozes out evenly.
Promivannya. Washing is carried out with water for the removal of calcium salts and products of the breakdown of proteins. After washing the goal, go to the tannery for tanning.
TwinsWetBlue: Double kicking naked, otrimane from the great syrovina (whip, barnyard, bichini, etc.). When there are double goals, then the gold is sawn on underwire machines into two balls: the upper face ball and the lower bakhtarm'yany.
Golіє all over the surface rozryzaєtsya on comrade's balls. The ball with traces of the wads of the shkir zirzaetsya evenly across all comrades. In other balls, the natural unevenness of comradeship is taken care of. Upper balls - possibly natural shkir / Lower balls after tanning are called splits. The upper ball of shkiri, which is victorious for the manufacture of furnishing furniture, is supported by additional gold.
When sawing, they are asked by the torso of the front split, so the wine will come out of the same torso in all areas. The upper split should be used for the preparation of larger inward details on the bottom, bahtarm'yany for smaller inward details on the bottom and haberdashery shkir.
It’s necessary when you care about it, that the total amount of splits in the pair with the outgoing golem is low.
Krim rehabilitated more preparatory operations for certain types of shkir zastosovuyutsya dodatkovo twins, cheprakuvannya, help'yakshennya, piklyuvannya.
2. 2. Tanning
Tanning shop.
Otriman syrovin is processed in special tanning drums, after which the wet blue chromium brew comes out, which is ready for distillation.
Otrimane shinny unacceptably prepared vzuttya and other virobiv. When watered, the head swells strongly, swells in large quantities to the water and significantly increases in volume.
The suspension of the goal is accompanied by sharp changes in its obligations, gluing together its structural elements and changing mechanical authorities. The Visushene leg becomes zhorstkoy, horn-like and soft. Goal'ya is not standing until heated at the water level, dividing bacteria and enzymes. In this way, the form is used, the stability of the material. Sob pozbutisya tsikh yavisch golіє dub, tobto obroblyat tannic speeches.
For the current manifestations of tanning, the process of bonding molecules to collagen with particles of tanning agent (cross-linking of molecules)
Otriman, as a result of tanning, the skin is blown up in the face of a goal for a whole series of authorities:
♦reduced water retention, shards are used up building to swell by the water;
♦ zhorstkost is increased, to that, when tanned for the rahun of the lark of the supplementary stitching in the dermis, the friability of the collagen macromolecules is used;
♦ the importance of the structural elements of the count is moving. Ale, with all the traces of memory, that the supra-worldly dubility is in the same way lowering the minuscule. This is explained by the fact that when duplicating more than a certain optimum, the weight falls for the size of the increase in the hardness and the decrease in the building to the orientation of the structural elements of the shell;
♦ rises springiness and wearability is tied to it;
♦ thermal stability increases. Ce z increase in the number of transverse chemical bonds and temperature of tanning at tanning (Tcg);
♦moving porosity. We appreciate that tannins, penetrating (wedging in) the structure of the dermis, spreading the elements of the structure and nadal, thus fixing with the help of the establishment of chemical cross-links;
♦ formability is moving. This is due to the fact that the tanning agent, which satisfies cross-links between collagen macromolecules, does not allow the dermis to swell and, moreover, does not allow them to approach and stick together;
♦ chemical stability is being promoted. Therefore, the functional groups of collagen dermis are blocked by tannins;
♦ brighten up the old look;
♦After the tanning, the torso moves up in the dermis, the area is covered with bundles of collagen fibers. It’s already worth talking about the economic efficiency of tanning and promotion, zocrema, wear resistance of undercoats.
The current theory of tanning looks at tanning as a process that is composed of low physical and chemical phenomena and proceeds in two stages. The first stage is the diffusion of the oak tree into the skin of the skin, the other is the interaction of the tanning agent with collagen molecules. In case of any offense, the processes are brought out at once.
Dubbed speeches are classified in two groups:
1. Organic (tanides, aldehydes, fats).
2. Mineral (titanium, chromium, zirconium and aluminum layers).
Main tanning:
Chrome tanning is carried out with aqueous solutions of basic salts of trivalent chromium, which is not brittle. The tannins of the speech penetrate deeply into the skin, which spriyaє її zmіtsnenyu that with a normal vikoristannі did not lead to shkodzhen. Hexavalent chromium for tanning does not stagnate, shards of wine are scratched. After the penetration of chromium into the shaved skin, the excess of acid often soaks, and the chromium is fixed at the fibers of the skin and is neutralized. It is similar to carry out zirconium, aluminum and titanium tanning.
Plastuvannya and pіdv'yalennya:
For the accumulation of tanning speeches, the skin is laid out in balls and rolled up.
Folding (rolling):
To serve the comrade of shkiri.
Neutralization: acids, which are left in the shells, are carefully neutralized with quenched vapor. At the next stages of the dressing, groups of shkiri are installed.
Residual tanning: modification and showing the power of the shkіri from the strongest tanning speeches at the same time with the main tanning. It is possible to use with growing and / or synthetic tanning cavities, with chromium and other mineral cavities.
3. Chemical processing and farbuvalno-zhiruvalnі processes
At the final stage of chemical processing, the following operations are performed:
doublyuvannya (wycortised with chrome, sintani, other special services); Farbuvannya: shkiri are farbuyutsya in barvnih bathtubs with stable barviniks, which penetrate deeply at the fiber of the shkiri. Vykoristovuyutsya less natural, non-toxic and environmentally friendly barn. Farba deeply penetrates into the structure of skins, greasing (fats, olis, emulsifiers, ammonia)
The last product of silk weaving is shkira, tobto technological process the choice is nothing else, like the transformation of the shkіri into the ready shkіra.
Shkіra dewy (aldehyde) tanning - shkіra, in the process of turning it into vikoristovuetsya tanning bark (zvіdsi i name - "tanned") and other ingredients that are taken from roslin, bark trees and similar dzherel. As a result, an elastic material of brown color comes out. You can reach the required taste, varying the quantity and quality of the ingredients, what to zastosovuyutsya, and choosing the color of syrovin. The sheet of dewy tanning is not waterproof. When divinity vologists won’t change the color, and if you choose the homeland and then dry, then change in expansion (“sit down”) and harden, become less elastic. In hot water, the appearance of the shkiri is strongly "sidai" and becomes a hard, tendent material that surrounds the possibility of yoga.
Sheets of alum tanning, in the process of victorious tanning, aluminum salts are mixed with various good components and protein speeches, for example, egg powder thinly. The purists harden, that the shkir of alum tanning is technically "orphaned", and not tanned, the shards of the material taken away are rotten by the water. Through the war of victorious process, the skins of non-excessive tones come out, but the material is less elastic, like a skin of dewy tanning.
Sirom'yatna shkira is carried out by a path of scraping the shkir, oozing with a vape and further stretching for an hour of drying. As a shkir of alum tanning, orphaned shkir is technically not a "shkir", but it will sound at once with other forms of shkir. Sirom'yana shkіra zhorstkіsha and lamka, lower іnshі shaped shkіri, and victorious for the preparation of drums, as well as cords, which are vicorous for lacing or weaving.
Boiled shkіra - zіrobi zі shkiri (shkiri of dewy tanning), for the promotion of spirituality, they are immersed in hot water, or boiling whisk, or similar to speech. Historically, such a coat was victorious like armor through its hardness and light weight, and it was also victorious for book palettes.
Chromium sulphate and other chromium salts are used to vibrate the skins of chrome tanning, found in 1858. Tsya form of the shkіra is more soft and elastic, the lower shkіra is dewy tanned. In addition, it does not change the color and does not lose its shape when water is poured in, like a sheet of dewy tanning.
Shkіra (sound like a shkіra of dewy tanning) can be smeared with singing oily polypshenna and water resistance. The greater quantity of natural fats, which can be found directly at the skies, as they are seen in the process of exploitation shkiryanikh virobiv, yakі can recognize the intense influx of vologists. Often ointment of fur coats with mink fat, clean with oil or similar rechovina, save the softness of the skin and increase the term of exploitation of the fur.
Virobnitstvo finished shkіri.
The production of the finished shkіri is to complete the laborious and long process, which is to be carried out at the kіlka stages.
Farbuvannya shkiri.
The sorted shkir is handed over to the brewery shop, de rimuyut so the titles of the product Crust (steal).
The finished product is sorted and transferred to a far distance new technologies at special farbuvalny drums, which allows you to economically beat the chemistry and delicately turn the skin.
Before zabarvlennyam kolіr shkіri lie in the way of tanning (fat tanning - girchichno-zhovte zabarvlennya; chrome - light green kolіr; zalizne - canary kolіr і etc.).
Shkіri, scho do not make any defects, without patches and without masks, you can pick up from a variety of cysts; the shkiri with flames are filled with black colors. For black farbuvannya, the skins after tanning and washing are farbuyut, then they are fattened and dried. For a colorful zabarvlennya, the skins are less stuffed, not fattening, so that the fat can be filled with whips.
For farbuvannya in black color, growers of farby and aniline barvniks are planted; for colored skins, mayzhe, including aniline barvniki.
Aniline barvniki are subdivided into basic and acidic.
Ideally smooth elite sheet at this stage is ready to enter the packing shop.
Shkira, for other reasons, is not smooth, it knows embossing.
Fahіvtsі signify the fineness of the shkir and the type of embossing, as an additional help to attach small fractions of the surface shkir.
There are various types of embossing: in the form of a sharp (this is the name of the saw-shaped plate) to the large (this is the name of Tigina), as well as a crock-shaped embossing, which is victorious for sewing a special recognition.
better embossing
krokreneve embossing
better embossing
even more embossed
great embossing
medium embossing
Before packing and sending to the warehouse of finished products, the entire sheet must go through residual sorting and washing.
If the skins after the conservation process are taken to the skinning factory, the stench will continue to show up as soon as possible, or it will be rotten and canned skins. At this stage, the entire batch of skins may be rejected and returned to the picker.
In its own line, the coat is classified according to the method of farbuvannya:
1. Zabarvlennya zanurennyam. Fold two shkiri with the inner side and manually zanuryuyut 40-50 ° farbuvalnu bath; at which point the inner side gets a bit weaker. In this way, they are peeled when farbuvanni shkir of a small size (kiz, sheep, calves, etc.), with a small quantity.
2. Zabarvlennya in a tub with wide spades that wrap around. Shovels with wrapping at the same time with farboi bathtub turn and shkiri. With this method, especially adventitious for the great number of shkirs, the offending sides of the shkirs are covered.
3. Zabarvlennya at the washing drum, A closed vessel is wrapped around with empty axles to add a farbowy size. With this method, a “short” farbovanized bath is needed, so that barvniks can better be drunk; this method is zastosovuetsya by head rank for chrome shkіri.
4. Apply farbi for help shield the great shkir is swinging. The sheet is laid out on the table, the upper beak is well wetted, and then the farba is applied.
5. Farbuvalny speeches. For farbuvannya shkir, tanned with growing oak rechovina, vikoristovuyut basic and sour barvniki, more substantive. When grafting the main barnacles, add 1 - 2 g of octovoic acid per 1 liter of farbuvalny sum. For sour barvniks, add 1-3 g of formic acid per 1 liter of water. Nothing is given to substantive barvniks. In all vipadkahs, the fermentation is carried out at 45-50 °.
6. Zabarvlennya chrome shkiri. For chromium shkіri, they are used in front of sour barvniks with addition of glacial or sulfuric acid. Before adding the barvnik for the shortest fixing of the farbi, the shkir should be coated with quebracho extract. The main barrels are also accessories for making chrome shkiri; a bath made of quebracho is obviously needed. Before substantive barniki, add octic acid. The temperature of the barn baths can reach 50-60°.
7. Zabarvlennya like skin. Like a chrome skin, the temperature of the baths is to blame for the low temperature (40-45 °).
(Sour and basic barvniki are brought in as the head rank.)
8. Zabarvlennya suede shkiri. When stuffing suede with vicorist, the main farby (with Glauber's sillu and octic acid) is used and it is stuffed at a temperature of 30°C. Sour barvnik vikorivuyut with addition of Glauber's salt, at a farb temperature of 40-45 °.
9. Zabarvlennya lacquered shkіri. a) Black color. Shkіra, as if you want to lacquer, fasten it into a frame, put it on a smooth board and on the front side, grind it with a piece of pumice stone, until the shkir does not stop being short. then I’ll stop hanging it in the sun for hanging, and carefully protect it from the saw.
Zrobivshi tse, rob like earlier, dry again, take pumice and polish; if the shkir becomes smooth, її dry with a stretch of the year, after which the farba, yak were pointed, smeared with Dutch soot and rarely smeared 2-3 times.
If it’s dry again, take a fresh and finely ground pumice stone and polish the dots, the docks of the shkir will not become smooth.
Shkir configuration
At the virobnitsa, the shkiri open and may change.
Cheprakuvannya represents the heeled shkiri on the topographic plot.
According to the configuration, the shkir are built: ql shkir, napivshkira, kulat, napivkulat, komir, cheprak.
See shkir behind the way of processing
Smooth shkiri
They take care of the natural little ones as much as possible - the world, do not know the embossing in the fire, but on the front surface it is applied even more - "saw-like" embossing. The skins of this group are vibrated from the most acidic syrovina from the most advanced chemical materials.
Grinding skids
The polishing of the bakhtarm'yanoї side and the additional splitting allow you to use "Velour", which is victorious for the production of a sporty, homemade and model blast. Prote іsnuyut shkіri, razlifuvannya zimovleno zumovlenoyu technology їх viroblennia - tse "Nubuk", which is indispensable for preparing like a man, and a woman vzuttya. Inserts made of colored nubuck are widely worn in the form of a child's booty.
Embossed shkiri
Shkiri middle and low price ranges, indispensable for an inexpensive, working or shaped jacket. That deep embossing is reminiscent of a little one. What is the smallest baby and the depth of embossing; Mustache babies can be mentally divided into sprat categories:
Lacquer shkiri
Fallow in the presence of authorities that color is covered, the skin can be filled with the most manipulative colors and organoleptic authorities. Similar skins are also widely vikoristovuєtsya in virobnitstvі like a woman, and a human model vzuttya. The lacquer shkiri are represented by the articles "Orion", "Naplak". On the lacquer skin, you can have an embossment for the removal of the necessary little one. Vzuttya from the lacquer shkiri looks miraculously and always turns on respect.
splits
A piece of polymer "appearance" is applied to the split wood, which imitates the natural face surface. The technology for the preparation of splits allows the production of inexpensive syrovina and the creation of a solution for the production of an inexpensive veneer with a quality that is close to natural wool with a facial finish. Assortment of spilkіv zі piece face povіhіstyu representations article "Legend" different options embossing. All options for embossing splits are identical to embossed shkir with front covers, which allow you to combine them with the combination of zuttya (union - front shkir, berets, freebies - split). Split splits without applying a piece of "disguise" are vicorated for the preparation of an inflated material, sewing a special outfit.
Krusty
Napіvfabrikat shkіri, otrimaniy after the operation of drum farbuvannya (vіdsutnє surfacing ozdoblennya). Maє natural pattern of the front surface. Vіdsutnіst obrobka surfіnі allows іnіnnutі bolshіst malіkіv, po'yazanih z vіdsharuvannyam "disguise" - skasuvannyam i suffocation. Daily processing allows you to give the beauty of power to hydrophobicity, and special dressing - a clear color. The good vibrations of the crust are important to revitalize the skins with a smooth facial surface. Krusty is widely vindicated with vzutteviks for the sake of the most tempting confession.
Shkirzaminniki.
We can see 4 main types of products (3 types of sheet and PVC sheet):
Shkira (shkirozaminnik) MF. The current coat on the basis of microfibers (Micro Fiber)
Shkіra (shkіrozaminnik) PU. This is the current type of piece polyurethane shkiri.
Shkіra (shkіrozaminnik) PVC. Classic PVC sheet
Plivka PVC. PVC slab
Today, piece shkir (shkirozaminnik), is a high-quality and environmentally friendly material that overturns natural shkir after some showcases. Behind the bazhannya of the zamovnik, behind the aesthetic look, the piece skin is not disturbed in any way in the natural way, as in the face, so salutary side. At the same time, you can make creations with texture and color that do not dominate natural skins, which designers favorably inspire in their fashionable contemporary projects.
In our time, for more views of the skins, cows' skins are vicory, and the skins of other creatures are also vicory. Sheaths of lambs and reindeer are woven for weaving soft coats, for which they sew a most expensive robe. The skin of a kangaroo vikoristovuєtsya as a syrovina for wirobi, yakі vinni buti mіtsnimi, ale gnuchki, for example, leggings. Shkіra, prepared from shkіr of exotic creatures, zokrema of some species of reptiles, was even more popular in its time. Virobi from her were respected by the most beautiful and beautiful ones. For reasons of watering on deaks, see snakes and crocodiles, large-scale carpets were piled up, which put the fortune-telling of reptiles and cold-blooded ones on the border of vimirannia.
For the weaving of skin bags, mainly the skin is harvested, trimmed from the skins of the great horned thinness (VRH), as well as the skin, trimmed from the skins of sheep. To give the skins a modern looking look, weeders employ different technologies for processing the face ball of skins, which allows the reach of great diversity in the assortment of skins in their skins.
Lakova shkira
chrome tanned skin with applied lacquer coating (duplicated with lacquer glazing)
Shkira VRH
(great horned thinness) with acrylic coating. Renovation of the shkiri with acrylic emulsions with the seals of a transparent glare.
Nappa
thin shkira increased elasticity, Prepared from BPX skins.
Napplac
lacquered nappa.
Velours
sheet of chrome tanning with polished face surface or bakhtarma. We choose the appearance of a product with deep facial defects, unsuitable for turning skins with a natural facial surface, and it is processed under velor.
Shkira with ennobled front surface
shkir, with some kind of mechanical path, the front ball was seen and the application of a piece ball with a polymer.
chevret
chrome tanned skin, made from sheepskin.
split
part of the shkiri (shkiri) was taken off after the twins. They cut the face and bakhtarmy split.
split face
part of the shkіri followed by twins in the same savings face ball (upper part of the shkіri).
Bahtarm'yaniy split
a part of the shkіri after the twins of the yakіy saved the bakhtarma (the lower part of the shkіri).
bakhtarma
the lower surface of the visible skin of the creature.
Twin shkiri
virivnyuvannya shkir for comradeship, she filed balls on a sprat.
Mereya
natural armchairs on the shkіrі. on the skies different types the creatures are divided by the world is characteristic of a given kind of creatures.
Narizka disguise (narizna shkira)
applied on the front surface of the shkіri of vіzerunkіv, which sometimes imitate the world of different creatures. Heat up with a hot stove. For example: shaking the shkir with a baby of the world under a deer, under an ostrich, under a crocodile.
Nubuck
fleecy skin of chrome tanning with polished abrasive fine-grained material on the front surface.
Sheets of painting imitating painting
exclusive decoration of the front ball of the shkiri polagaє in the painting of the shkiri with farbs, or else a little one like a hand, so for the help of a special possession.
Shkiryany furniture - see the shkiri
Furniture, vikonanі zі shkіri - tse stylish and practical. Є 4 categories of shkiri:
Category A. Napіvanіlіnova, fully revised May be impersonal flaws and to that pass the retelne obroblennya: unevenness is puttied by a special warehouse, the skin is dried, polished. Let's get pigmented and polish again. Then the skin is covered with a polymer, which protects it from sticking to the wood and saw, and a relief is applied to it with rollers. This is the simplest sight of the watchful eye and the wearable look of the shkiri.
Category B. Partially trimmed aniline and napivaline skins. The method of processing is similar to the deposit for category A. This category is more expensive for pershu, the shards of power are close to category C.
Category C. Anilinov, with a whole natural specialty. Such skins, which make a natural upper ball, are especially comfortable in operation, as the stench of the building rises to whatever temperature, “breathes” and enhances the heat exchange between the human skin and the real middle.
Category S. On the inside of the C, category S shkiri weave a piece upper ball and a high-yielding sheep or calf ball inside. The dominion of these shkiri is allowed to give it to you, whether it’s a zabarvlennya, and to put on it, whether it’s a little one.
The process of weaving shkiri
British Standard BS 2780
“The most important term for the meaning of the material, which resembles the skins of creatures and preserves the structure of the fibers and the skins more or less permanent, tanned with the method of denting processes. Wool and hair may have been removed, or it may have been stripped on the surface of the coat. No product can be called “shkira”, because in the course of its transformation, the original structure of the fibers of the skin of the creature collapses and turns into an environment of non-binding fibers, or powder, or other fragments, be it a chemical or mechanical method with further reconstruction of fragments in cycles. materials or other forms. If the shkіra may be covered, it is not the fault of the other society to exceed 0.15 mm.
The process of converting a gray shkіri to a shkіra is not an easy task, and it really adds up to a lanyard of subsequent actions. Tsі dії can be divided into chotiri native groups, and itself:
- Preparation of work in the tannery
- Tanning
- Doubling
- Recreation
Preparation of work in the tannery
The head meta of the preparatory work is to clean the skin again from various non-bad components, such as wool and hair, unstructured whites and excess flesh.
Vimochuvannya (vіdmokuvannya). Under the hour of urination, on the surface of the shkir, one can see the ford and the excess of blood. In order to avoid shrinkage of the skins during the urination process, the temperature of the water should be adjusted to 20°C. Sometimes for a quick cleaning of the water, add miyuchi to help sweep the meadow; Crimea is different, the meadow allows you to intensively pick up the water. The curing of shkiri is an important part of the process of urination.
Anxiety is that golden. At this stage, the shkiri again wilt at the puddle middle. Tse allows you to get rid of hairs, soften fibers to collagen and unstructured proteins (you can’t see them all the time, the skin is too hard).
Mindfulness. At the process of the mind, the front skirts are passed through a special device, which sees the undesirable excesses of the flesh, happy fabric that fat.
Twins. Now the skin can be divided into two parts (more precisely, balls). The upper (older) ball of shkіri, which is taken away as a result of twinning, is widely victorious in shkiryanіy craftsmanship and like a frontal upholstery, shards to avenge a ball of grain, which can be saved later, scorched or embossed. The lower ball (the so-called split) is used for cutting suede, and it is also protected by a furred fur coat. The split is often beaten when the back side of the other side is upholstered.
Iznelyuvannya. The task of the offensive stage is a change in the number of swollen and hard fibers. For this puddle, the medium is neutralized by rhechovins, to sweep away acid, for example, with chloride or ammonium sulfate.
M'akshenya. This process is to make the skin more smooth and flat, supporting its texture. On top of that, the very zavdyaki youmu shkira becomes soft and elastic.
Pikelyuvannya. Remaining stage of preparation before tanning. In order to change the pH (water indicator) of the material, it is re-treated with acid (even once from sill, to protect the skin from the epidermal swelling).
Tanning
Mayzhe know everything about this procedure. It's not surprising, even tanned shkiri is one of the most important stages in the process of turning. Chi not zabulische suvor naukovoe vyznachennya? There is a shkir with him, not laced with tanning, you can’t yet get in with a shkir like that. As a result, tanned collagen proteins, which are hidden in the skin, become a soft material, which is badly laid out and resistant to a burst of heat and moisture.
The people were guilty of little means of tanning the skins. The most popular among the shkiryans on the right and, perhaps, one about the yak you will feel the color, so the titles of wet blue (wet blue: vologii and blue) or “chrome tanning”. This term zastosovat to the skies, which was tanned for additional chromium salts. But why is it “vologian and blue”? Vidpovid is simple to the point of obscenity - the material that comes out as a result, is effective, and may bluish.
Skinning takes place at the great barrels (call such a barrel that can hold up to three hundred skins at a time). Chromium enters into a reaction with collagens, which can be found in the skin, and blue color. The tanning process is considered to be completed again, if the skin becomes resistant to high temperatures and does not shrink at 100°C. To overcome this method, one should notice the high materiality of the material, as well as its resistance to a burst of heat and light. To this very fact, chrome tanning is the most widespread and most popular way of tanning shkiri today.
The final stage of tanning is polished at a distance from the shkіri of the veil. For this purpose, the skin is passed through a special apparatus, equipped with reversible blocks, as if to conquer the entire supra-world homeland.
Doubling
neutralization. In order to prepare the skin to a lanyard for further chemical processes, it is necessary to polish the meadow with a weak rose.
Farbuvannya. Tsey stage dodatkovyh explanation, maybe not required. Farbuyut shkіra tezh in barrels, mostly with vikoristannyam anionny barvnikov - the stench is negatively charged, and that's good they call from the front "chromed" shkiroy.
Zhiruvannya. In order to coat the fibers of the skin and the skin with soft, vicorous oils, special oils are used. The stench penetrates the shkir, filling all її pores. Until the speech, at the very moment the skin may have its own unique smell!
Cherry. The skin is hung on poles or laid out on special boards, and then dried with a stream of warm air. The remaining method is especially popular, even if you want to dry one coat and then all the fluff!
Breakdown. At this stage, the skin becomes soft. Її pass through a low special blunt pins, like a b'yut and wrinkle the skin, by the same time rozm'yakshuyuchi її.
Recreation
Refurbishment is the process that is used in the production of finished sheets and applied to the surface of various coatings. Before crossing the covered (or “stolen”) shkіri can be carried:
- great durability
- Simplicity in sight and service
- Reducing the water supply to the authorities
- Masking of natural defects
- Privablivy kolіr and zovnіshnіy look
There are three processes that can be carried out without interruption before the sheeting: sanding, coating and embossing. Fallow in the type of shkiri deyaki (or navit usi) tsі dії can be switched off.
Sanding. If the upper porous surface of the shkіra is in a good state, then the shkіra is not processed, it is called full grain shkіra. At the upholstered right, it is valued even more highly, and really, even a small amount of skins to finish the garni, to drink on a large-grained shkir.
Most of the shkir (for example, cow's yachi) carried on you traces of underwear, biting or piercing, taking away the creature for life. All these defects, apparently, are negatively indicated on the texture and require correction. A special rare coating is applied to the bottom of the deck (warehouse for the renewal of the deck). Then the skin is dried and the porous part is processed with a special grinding machine with abrasive material, in order to retain some of the residue. This type of shkіri v_domy is corrected (corrected grain) or “shkіra with ennobled appearances”.
To serve as a polishing and one more additive method - there will be a skin to a farther pigmentation, safer than the best staining of that pigment fixation.
Coating applied. The pigmentation of the corrected shkiri is fixed in order to give the material the correct even color. Concentration of the pigment itself on the skin is not trimmed, you need a base, which is the most victorious acrylic or whether it is a retailer, which ensures the sealing of the speech.
To fix the color, after applying the pigment, varnishing is carried out. The lacquer protects the skin and robs it of dovgovichnishoy, but not only - for the help of the lacquer, the necessary step is reached by the glare of the skin fibers.
There are three ways to apply the pigment to the skin.
- Manual spraying for the help of an airbrush
- Automatic sawing on the conveyor line
- Press farbi for additional rollers. Even more often, the other and third methods are victorious together.
Apply varnishes with an airbrush, manually or on a conveyor.
Embossed. After applying the coating of small grains, you can change it piece by piece. For this, up to the upper ball of the shkіri, a special metal mold is applied, which is applied on it with a visor. When enough high temperature it will be pressed by force at the surface of the shkir, giving it a relief. And sometimes the skin is passed through the rollers, on the yak there are small pieces of a piece relief.
Such, zagalom, way, which is to pass the shkіra through the orphan, unbroken shkіri, until the completed, sonorous us viroba.