Expensive stone: classification, name the photo. Vidobutok expensive stone, Sri Lanka Yak get gems
The Crimea of famous tea plantations, Sri Lanka is famous for its cat stones. Vaughn occupies a leading position in vidobotka expensive stone. The very process of vidobutku kamіnnya is left unchangeable from the most recent hours. Tse, like and before, manual work. Mines dig for help, pickaxes and shovels, sound not far from the bank of the river. The breed itself is lifted up on a mountain in cats or buckets for an additional skein, and then washed under a jet of water or the nearest river. Then we proceed to the work of special people, trying to find out the stone’s quality from the stone. Sometimes you can find one, two, or you can hit the stone, or sometimes shukachi get empty-handed. And the whole process is started anew. Almost all expensive stones, especially large ones, are sold at auctions. For hours, the Arab merchants of the island wore the name of Serendip or the island of the expensive stone. Under the name of "Serendip" Sri Lanka was reported in rozpovid about Sinbad the seafarer, that two girls saw Sri Lanka, and said 1000 and 1 night. Marco Polo's mantir's wife, a ruby, zavtovshki in a human hand, which embellished the Ruvanvelі dagoba in Anuradhapuri. The famous blue sapphire "Blakitna Krasunya" of 400 carats, which embellishes the English crown, as well as the sapphire "Zirka India" of 536 carats, exhibited at the New York Museum, originally from Sri Lanka, and itself from the city of Ratnapuri, yak. center for the production of expensive stone. 01. Vidoboot is no longer done by hand. Because of the automation, there are no more pumps, like a constant pumping of water. Digging right in the rice fields. If you turn on the pump, then the mine will be flooded in about a year. Like a mine of glibok, it is served in the adit with a primus stove, with a motor-pump.
02. Previously, vikoristovuvaly for vidobutku excavators and other important equipment, but after them the lakes were abandoned.
03. In Sri-Lance, close to 90% of the earth can cover half of 200 different kinds of expensive and expensive stone, which is found in the world.
04. To build a stone, you need a license, there will be a cost of 5000 dollars for the river.
05. The axis of such wicker koshikas is passed on to the hills, where it is washed at the edges of an expensive stone.
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07. More serious technology from the kіlkoh mines. Depth of the mine - from 7 to 30 meters.
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09. Rozrobka was pinned here for a few months, the mine was closed.
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11. Rinse all clay.
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13. After 10 quills, the special cat is left with less stone chips.
14. Among them, one knows expensive sapphires, rubies, and oleksandrites. Sometimes you can dig for 2-3 months and not know the stone.
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16. The axis of the sprat of a precious stone. After the end of the change, put them on the market. Until you start to turn the stone, you don’t realize, you don’t know how much wine you have, nothing will give you a lot of stone for not breaking it. Then, as the stone appears clean, without third-party houses, it can be more costly, but the one who has obtained yoga does not know about it. In order not to spend pennies in times of such success, rich miners work with their families, some work, others work.
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18. Marlboro's Helpful Cub.
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22. When the stones are cut, they come to the store.
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24. Save them from envelopes. Be aware that the right stone can be less professional. Sapphires, for example, are heated to give them the color they need. The right pure sapphire does not require thermal processing and is more expensive. The price of one carat is 10,000 dollars.
25. Handbag for an expensive stone.
26. In Sri-Lanzi, there are various types of garnets: esonite (orange-brown), almandine (fire-black), rhodolite (blado-black), spesartite (brown-black), as well as yellowish-black garnet. You can also find here the greenish-yellow Oleksandrite, Kotyache's eye, Mysyachne stone (light, nap_vprozoriya, with blakitnimi vіdbliskam), Amethyst, Aquamarine, Beryl, Topaz (often yellow-brown), Zircon, Tourmaline Chrysoberyl (golden-yellow) or greenish, that Spinel.
27. Sapphire, average price $300 per carat.
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In every hour of the koshtovne stone, through its rіdkіst, it saved its privacy for the people. For a long time, chaklunska, mystical power was attributed to them, and the stinks add to us with their beauty, that joy, as they grant us the incredible clarity of crystals and the beauty of their charms. Richly expensive stones are settled in the tops of mountain rocks during the process of primary crystallization (for example, diamonds) or filling cracks in newly created rock rocks (for example, they took that topaz). Opali can be seen to the siege type of pores.
The genera of the expensive stone are often the second, adopted for the rahunok of the view of the mountain breeds. The beginnings of the process of seeing the first (root) genera of expensive stones - more stable, lower rock-forming minerals - are accumulated in the fluffy deposits of the river and the coastal smuga of the oceans and seas - at the roses, the stars of them can be seen In the first root deposits, stones must be individually water-reinforced in the form of a mountain breed that contains them. So, as their thickness is scorched higher, the lower thickness of quartz and other mountainous rocks, the stench seems to be concentrated in the singing prosharkas. Carats serve as a single mass of an expensive stone for hours of antiquity. In Denmark, the weight of a carat is standardized in the whole world, and 1 metric carat becomes 200 mg. The mass of a less valuable jewelry-virob stone - for example, such as minerals of a group of quartz - is reduced in grams, and of a virobnoi jasper - in kilograms.
Expensive and virobnі kamenі zustrichayutsya in rich areas of the earth's backwoods, either at the sight of the okremikh znahіdok, or at the larger significant places. The purchase of an expensive stone, accessories for rozrobka, is called their genera, and the places, de boulen smashed alone, are called manifestations or points of mineralization. For the change of maternal pores, igneous (mayut magmatic dzherelo), sedation (settled in the process of sedimentation) and metamorphogenic (generated by other pores) genera of stones are distinguished.
Often, especially from a practical point of view, more and more dotally recreate the genera and show the expensive stone on the primary (they lie at the place of their enlightenment) and the second (transfer the deposit to another place). In the first genera(root deposits) expensive stones take cob links with the parent rock. These crystals are brimming with garnoy security. The productivity of such genera, however, is not too great: during the hour of their growth, one can see a lot of empty breed, which sharply increases the variety of the species. So today, diamonds are produced from root kimberlite pipes - from cement, clay, terracotta.
At the molding process secondary genera expensive stones are transferred from the month of their adoption to another place, they are renewed again. Hard and mіtsnі crystals at tsimu kokoyuyutsya, less mіtsnі - crushed into pieces or navіt povnistyu erased. According to the method of transportation, the agents of transferring the material are distinguished by river (aluvial), sea and sea (wind) deposits.
The rivers of the building carry the rock, which contains the stone stone, for hundreds of kilometers. When the flow of the water stream is weakened - and by the very same carrying force - an expensive stone, which can be high-pitched, is added to the first, the lightest quartz sand, the winds of which are blamed for the richness of the expensive stone. As a result, the development of secondary genera appears to be lighter and more productive, lower than the primary ones. In the photo of the middle of the 20th century - the washing of diamonds in basins (poshukovsky robots in Angola).
Namiti with water the purchase of expensive stone bear the name of roses (talk about diamond roses, roses of other expensive stones) or aluvial genera. A similar rank can form and cut expensive stone in the low-priority zone of the sea coast. In Namibia, diamonds are successfully harvested from such genera. І wind the wind can move drіbnі expensive stones; such a "seol" sorting of the warehouse to produce until the establishment of their stinginess on friendly plots.
The intermediate position between the primary and secondary genera is occupied by the genetic birth of the genera of vivitry, or of the eluvial genera. Rozsips are formed b_lya podnizhzhya steep rocks and high mountains. Expensive stones are accumulated on such plots near crushed gravel in vitreous rocks, the lightest components of which can be seen by wood or snow water and wind, just like expensive stones are overgrown in the field and can be hardened into mule, clay, cement, kimberlite.
The most safe hallucinations on kimberlites and colors of creation sprynyattya kolorovoj gami expensive stone
Butt - black "Atomic tornado", death of the brain (levoruch) and finishing palette of nerves, strike with an electrostrum (right-handed)
GZK is colorographically modeled - sinking of the upper level of the kimberlite, stalactite picker (color model)
The latest palette row is an imitation of the biological response of a person, such. 32-roz. PC EOM, author's algorithms
biological spray palette different colors organs of sensitive people (author, 2014)
Specificity and problems of Ukraine
In Ukraine, and SND, the production of high-priced and jewelry-vibratory stone is being produced both by specialized garniture and bagging plants, and by small enterprises; Quite often a vidobotok joins up with geological exploration and conducts non-intermediate geological exploration parties. On deyakih rodovishche dosі vikoristovuєtsya pratsya miners, as if paid for the final result. In a number of varieties, expensive stones are seen during the growth of genera of other types of mineral syrovin.
The main tasks in Ukraine this May are the impossibility of illegal travel, the turn of the illegal survivation of the vocabulary of Ukraine for Svitoviy Rocky Rynkoy Rinkku Rinkku Nasampeed Yak Ukrainian Burshtin (Burshtina), Berylіv (Gelіodorіv) Ta Topazіv, so І Tsіnny Kamen, Scho brief in Ukraine rubiniv). , topaz, smaragd, diamond, etc.). Food lie to the competence of the mitnitsa, law enforcement agencies and state security agencies. The collection of rare minerals that especially valuable stone by the people in the middle of the country can be hunted by the power, the shards of the stone are grabbing the well-wishing people of the nation with a splinter - and, therefore, the richness of the Ukrainian state. Responsible for looking for dbaylive installation to natural resources, richly from some of them irreparable, secondary expansion of vіdvalіv, pripinenny ruynіvnoї for the nature of the "black" vidobutku kamіnnya girskih porіd (agatіv, amber, pіsku іn.), zabezpechennya kamіnnya, pіsku іn. its own and imported syroviny.
No less important problem for Ukraine is sorting out, reviewing that previous processing of mineralogy syroviny, which should come to the backwaters and enterprises for processing, with the method of revealing especially valuable from the mineralogy look of the sights. In Ukraine, for example, wagons of fluorite come from Mongolia for the needs of the steel-smelting industry. Carriages of fluorite are carefully protected and huddled at the smelter without looking ahead. Here, near the melting, they sip and redkіsnі tsіnі zrazki jewelry and virobnogo fluorite, yakі zrіdka traplyâyutsya near zagalnіy fluorite mass. If you try to get malyium, so that you can get into the smelting process, then you can’t lead to economic failure of the enterprise. Ale, the remelting of this jewelry fluorite to rob our state with a bіdnіshoy, and steel - with a hіrshoy. Such a sight is absolutely unacceptable, the shards are of high value. In Asia, jewelry fluorite is used to prepare namisto, embellish that streaks, sacks and eggs, which are sold for grams, jewelry fluorite syrovin is sold for kilograms, and crafted fluorite - for tons.
Let's do nothing less than let's put a stop to the power of natural resources. At Krivorіzkoma Basaini with Visituutka Zasіzno Rudi in the pervasory of that smelting might boutique, Yak Gіrski Crytal, Jespalіt (Chervonopolischasts Quiccit), Tsitrin Yuvelіrino Yakosti, Unig Calnі zrai Ukrainian Tiger Oka І Navіt Rіdkіvniy Siro-Goldiy Kvartzіv. . In the smelter, everything turns into slag and does not absorb the heat of smelting.
When looking at the stone vugill, such a valuable mineral does not really grow, like a jet - it’s good, like a jet if you’ve done it by hand, and not into the furnace. The power can practically regulate and secure top food from vlasnyh genera and imported zakordonnoy syrovina valuable mineralogy zrazkіv for їх remote okremoї obrobki.
The butt of a successful act of feeding a passing vidobutku є exculpation of rare stones during vidobutku and processing of vapnyak and other siege porods. Shards of all breeds really look around, especially rare and valuable rocks can be marked at times and excised from the wild breed. Rіdkіsnі skam'yanіlostі tsіnuyutsya richly vshe navkolishnіh porіd. When unique and especially great sights are revealed, paleontologists are asked. Tobto the main thing in my opinion is the so-called "human factor" - enthusiasts and professionals. The butt of a hizhatsky distribution of valuable resources is the appearance of a vapnyak, which clears the stone on the French fringe, de tsіnnі spawn are sold not only with slabs and bril, but literally with whole skeletons.
It is up to you to look at each other in front of potentially valuable mineral rocks. In times of manifestation of single signs, so as not to become valuable for the state, you should allow saving and victorious rіdkіsnі and tsіnі mineralogical see. It's economically unreasonable to look through other knowledge one by one. Unique knowledge of wine buti gіdno vitigorozhenі from one side, and criminally re-examined at the time of the trial of ruinuvannya or vivezennya for the cordon from the other side. Massive same passing vidobutok mozhe but legally paid as a diligent pratsya - for the final result. In Ukraine, there are enthusiasts and professionals who are ready to legally engage in a similar type of activity (including seasonally), to allow you to bring in "black" and "pidpіlnu" geology "from shadow", legalize її, support folk masters Ukraine, save and multiply the valuable mineral wealth of our country.
Ways to vidoboot
The genera of the expensive stone are scattered on the earth’s backdrop unevenly. Some regions, such as Pivdenna Africa, Pivdenna and Pivdenno-Skhidna Asia, Brazil, the Urals, Transbaikal Australia and the U.S. mountain belts, are especially rich in them. Ale, the main light source of an expensive stone is being carried out today in the so-called BIDNIH lands (it’s already a lot to steal). Stones are stingy in fact for a priceless, and most often just sneak - from beats and battles, for which you can go to the "black" jewelry markets of the world without chemical analysis, dosimeters and examinations for overworldly certified prices. It is not necessary to produce up to a non-uniform distribution of pributkiv in the end of the end of the sale of expensive stone in a number of rich countries of the world and at a high price for them, which is supported absolutely piece by piece. Blame on this year is an expensive kind of diamonds from the root deposits, which means high vitrates that modern technologies(often - chemical research and daily dosimetry). The current kimberlite technologies are three equal ones.
The photo shows no less than a robot with ledges from a complex vidobutka kimberlite, and three equal nebezpeki, on which people are attacked. Upper - red rіven (mushroom earth and clay, terracotta). The middle rive is a white color, potash (vibrates, as if it is brightly wet), and the lower rive is the release of radioactive kimberlite karst waters. That is why such a rozrobka zapobіgaє people's trioma equals troubles - mechanical injuries (upper red rіven), chemical damage (white potash ball) and radiation damage (blue rіven - radioactive uranium and diamonds). The norms of the appearance of the obmezhenі (like You, obviously, do not slave the Spanish crown).
A lot of genera of the expensive stone were bulo out of the blue (the vlasniks stumbled). Most of the year, systematic searches in most regions are surrounded by more than just diamonds. As far as the other expensive stones are concerned, the investigations of their genera are carried out in the simplest ways, without the need for state-of-the-art technology and for the availability of a reliable scientific base. Tim is not less, as before, I’ll see today, with such success, the searchers show more and more new genera. Girnichodobouvny undertakings from the exploitation of the genera of the expensive stone are called digging, digging or digging.
Methods for the extraction of expensive stone, for a sparkling of diamonds, in most countries it is even more primitive; in some areas there is a stench, in fact, the same as at the dawn of our land and earlier. The simplest way is to select an expensive stone, which is found directly on the surface (including kimberlite - with the conservation of the mine for 10-12 years). It is possible in the dry river valley or in the gorges of the skel. Crystals, which have grown on the rock, are cut for the help of a hammer and chisels, picks or a bruhta, as well as pneumatic hammers or a vibrating method. Rejoice with the Vlasniks - they stink for ce criminally.
It's just a matter of creating a bottle of expensive stone from young roses. We see in front of us, apply what we cross. Like rossips lie deep on the surface, pass pits and mines, sometimes with a depth of up to 10 and more meters. Simply block the shaft to protect the mouth of the mine from the plank, the soil water that seeps from below, drains it with buckets or pumps it out with mechanical pumps. Vіd podosvi mines on the sphere pіskіv, scho carry expensive stone, pass horizontal underground vibrations. At the largest operational mines, time reinforcements are being installed.
Sometimes expensive stones are seen right from the river bed (not in front of the tsunami - hvili-vbivtsi). For this river in the next few months, they supply it piece by piece, so that the waters flowed faster. Robitniks, standing up to their waists in such water, roil the bottom soil with long poles and rakes. Clay-sanding components of the soil, which may have less space, carry a stream of water, and more important expensive stones lie on the bottom.
Further enrichment for expensive stones was obtained from the mines, or from the rivers of the rivers, they are built by the way of their production. Robotniks remind of a fluffy rock, to avenge expensive stones, special cats and crush them at washing pits filled with water. At the same time, clay and sand are seen, and more important expensive stones accumulate in concentrate. Light stones, similar to beryls, polovyh spar, quartz and tourmaline, with this method, they look, understand, ruin - they emerge from root genera, terrestrial and underground roses.
In some countries, hydraulic methods are practiced for expanding roses, if the fluffy ulamkovy material is swept away by strong water jets. Ісnuє also kar'єrna tekhnologiya vіdkritim way. Underground technology is the most important method, if there are adits in hard hard rocks. Before her, they go less in quiet places, where it is firmly established that the reality lived with expensive stones.
Finsh diamond digging, which is spread out in terraces, and escaping installations (STEAM).
A variety of diamonds on the coast of Namibia, which will require great wine.
You are right to discover that kind of expensive stone, pay for workers at the skin edge and establish your own rules. Zagal can say that the largest country in the world has a robot for the production of expensive stone and mines - the share of slaves (not safe). It is economically and industrially to make vinjatok more rozvinenі krajni, but stench is the problem of "black geology" and "black export", which are engaged in both poor and rich people.
I would like to emphasize the problem of redistribution when looking for a bottle of an expensive stone. The stench is unsafe for the kind of shoe business for us in front of them, who beat the price of stone to the lowest level, allowing for the profits of the monopoly and the jewelry lobbies and the head of the shkodi state. The guilt of villainy in the methods and methods of stealing an expensive stone from a digger and a digger is unbearable. Ale and come fight with the stolen data, the daedals become thinner, not safe (zocrema for the restless) and still moral and legal. In Ukraine, this is how a burshtin is buried near the rivers of the river Dnipro. Diamond diggings are buried near the world at the present time.
Only a little expensive stones are "clean" in full, so that I can add optically (with a 10-fold magnifying glass) recognition of internal inclusions. Such stones, like rubies and emeralds, rarely become defect-free, without cracks and inclusions. A particularly important role is played by the so-called purity for diamonds. The best sorts of guilt do not reveal the annual waters, navit under a 10-fold magnifying glass.
Even in the middle of the twentieth century, whether the damage to the correct crystal was called defects. Ale, shards of stink do not zavzhdy lower the value of jewelry stones, at the stakes of fakhivtsiv-gemologists, they call them inclusions for better now. More than that, it is visible only with a magnifying glass, or to instill with an indefinable eye CHARACTERISTIC other defects and inclusions of this year support the natural stone.
In the rest of the hour, you can repeatedly be warned that buyers are tempted to buy expensive great visionaries and defect-free blue sapphires, to which they doubt their natural adventure (and, unfortunately, it’s not uncommon for rich people). It is worth it to finish the bright green ones with the great defect-free emeralds, most of the time these days they are also synthetic.
It is notable that minerals are often included as one of the same kind (for example, diamond in diamond), and alien (for example, zircon in sapphire). Wanting to be included and small, all the same, the stench is given richly for the understanding of the minds of the growth of the crystal, which contains them (it is called the crystal-master).
Minerals can be included early, lower crystal-master, which simply suffocates them in the growth process (grows), for example, the inclusion of rutile in quartz.
Ale stinks can be melted down at once with the crystal-master, who suffocates them more than a swedish growth. In addition, there are also mineral inclusions, piznishі by appointment to the crystal-lord. The stench settles out of the cracks or fluids (gases) that have penetrated the middle of the crystal through the cracks.
Organic inclusions in the unmistakable look are less pronounced in the Burshtina. The grids and clods preserved in the new growth give us direct evidence of life on Earth 50 million years before us. All other rocks have been made by the path of metamorphism and the replacement of the primary flora and fauna that lingered on our planet near the ancient ocean and millions of years ago.
Before turning on, one can also see the creation of a crystalline structure, signs of growth and phases of crystallization, color smuga. The stench is blamed for the uneven growth of the mineral with the inconspicuous nature of the differences, which included crystallization. The voids, filled with rivers (water, rare carbonic acid) and gases (dioxide and carbon monoxide), can also be seen in the middle of the inclusions. With the one-hour presence of rіdini gas, the inclusions are called two-phase, and if there are more fine crystals in them, they are called three-phase. In obsidians, glassy imitations and synthetic jewelry stones, on the vіdmіnu vіd kamіnnya natural pozhennja (mineralіv) often zustrichayutsya povіtryаnі bulbashki.
To build up the accumulation of other cracks and cracks (the so-called "tails" or "gloomy"), blame the stench due to the internal tension or due to the sound mechanical surges, fahivtsі to close up. The stench rumbles in the middle of the stone, and sometimes they reach its surface. Behind such cracks, the stone can be penetrated by a crack that calls out the changes of zabarvlennya. When "sealed" cracks, the old-fashioned speeches reappear, the old seam can be seen with "scars" of such cracks. In the majority of moods and amateurs, and fakhivtsі vvazhayut, that the inclusion reduces the vartist of the expensive stone, the stinks of the stink are heavily poured into their colors, the optical effects and the mechanical virtuosity, and also to increase the variability of the mineralogy. In the cracks of the moment, buti uranium (blue diamonds), cinnabar (red color), gold (yellow). Tse otruta that unsafe.
However, these mineral inclusions, as well as the parallel orientation of empty channels, give rise to light effects, which lie down to the most important qualities of a jewelry stone: effect cat's eye, light figures ("stars") and shovkovisty, as well as dendritic dendrites. Even more effective golden inclusions of rutile in the mountain crystal or wild quartz, especially in quiet valleys, if the main parts of the crystal rutile are selected in the star part of the growth. The price is given to the additional value of the stone.
In the rest of the hour, the inclusion of order with optical power gains more and more importance in the diagnosis of natural and synthetic expensive stones. A lot of seeing the inclusion of the flooring is characteristic synthetic stone, and at times they signify genera, from which natural stones are found. But remember that the presence of defects still does not guarantee the natural stone!
Volcanic (efusive) breeds that have settled down under the hour of the eruption
People adorn themselves with expensive stones from old hours. Just a vidobutok wearing a spontaneous character. Specially to get natural stone, people learned not long ago. Growing genera and sales jewelry sets bring greatness to businesses.
Yakі buvayut see genera
Rare, beautiful minerals are seen to be koshtovnosti. Їх is not so rich, naivіdomishі - diamonds, sapphires, topazes. A great group is made up of a variety of minerals, which look no less beautiful and vicarious for the preparation of embellishments.
The leather mineral has its own birthplace, fallow in the warehouse of the navkolishnіkh mountain breeds. Sound, the development of these genera is carried out for hundreds of years, new genera are rarely born. Vіdomі mіstsya vidobotku jewelry stone:
- Yakutia and Namibia - diamonds;
- Iran - turquoise;
- Pakistan - rubies;
- Sri Lanka - sapphires and rubies;
- Ural - topazi.
There are three types of genera: hirska virobitki, vіdkritі kar'єri, rossipi. At times, the minerals are water-creamed from the mountainous rocks in the process of erosion, they are taken away by streams of water. Vidobutok kamen_v at rossipah is carried out by the method of manual washing.
Gіrskі virobіtki - tse underground mines, in yaky for help manual work go to the production of an expensive stone. On the back of the head will be a rozvіduvalnu virobka, shchob vyznachit quantity and quality of minerals.
- Tse rozrobka brown copalins and minerals in the balls of girsky rocks. Take the rozrobki kar'єr dig daedalі glibshe. The largest kar'єr is found in Chile, its size is 3x4 m, the depth is 850 m.
Footwear
As a rule, the birthplace develops in a vipadkovo way, without stosuvannya tekhnіchnіchnyh zabіv chi scientific base. Specially, only the most expensive stones - diamonds - whisper. On the site of the expensive stone, there will be a supply of footwear.
See the garnish for shoes:
- The mines are great enterprises for the production of brown copalins under the earth in the most appropriate way;
- Kopalnі - mines and kar'єri for the production of semi-flowers;
- Kopi - mines for the production of brown copalins, digging by hand.
Available methods for the production of expensive stone
The methods of vidobutka of the semi-precious stone were practically the same as those of a long time ago. For the help of shovels, build a mine; Call the robot to repair the order from the river, you can wash the breed from the yakіy. In the process of production, workers know 1-2 gems per cat from the breed. After that, the process is repeated backwards. Sell your knowledge shukachi at auctions and local markets. Fahіvtsі їх obroblyayat and zdayat at the shops.
On the market, gems without houses are valued. You can only signify better. Vіn to carry out anterior processing and faceting of minerals. For example, sapphires are used to make a garnier wine. The meister is guilty of the nobility of the power of the stone, schob to infuriate the koshtovnіst vіd pіdrobki.
Vidobutok in Sri Lanka
Shri-Lanzi has a type of stone bottles going by hand. With the help of automatic devices, there are less pumps, yakі vіdkachuyut underground water. Mines are just digging in rice fields. Excavators and other equipment are not vikoristovuyutsya, because after them lakes and swamps are flooded.
Sri Lanka sees that the whole island is avenged by the faceless minerals. There are half of the species of stone found here, which are vicarious for jewelry making. The distribution is carried out by private scammers for a special license, and it is necessary to pay a fee.
Primitive method and vidobottle
The simplest way to develop an expensive stone is to choose the bridges of the mountain rivers. Growths of crystals perebuvayut at the surface, they can be sown at the gorges of the skel. Beat them with a hammer and a chisel; Vibuhovі speech zastosovuyutsya rarely, shards can damage the value of minerals.
Another way is to look for a booth at the girl's river. Її specially priskoryuyut, so that the water flowed faster. Workers stand by the water and use long poles to make the bottom. Light food components are taken away by water, and semi-precious stones are left lying on the bottom.
The best way to get gems is the life of deep mines. They will use special equipment, they will re-create, so that the walls do not sag. The entrance is closed to the Ukrainians on the board. Ground water pumps. Natural stones lie at the food ball, at the new one there is a vidoboot. Horizontal vibrations occupy a few meters under the ground.
Vykoristannya vibukhivka
Gіrskі galleries will be near hard rocks for additional vibrating. This way is vitratny for an hour and forces, that they go to the new one, as if it were the impression of the lining of an expensive stone. Call the species of gemstones to join the geological exploration and production of other minerals.
The main problem of all digging and digging is stealing. The stench doesn’t just zavdat zbitkiv shukachs and garnished shoe businesses, but lower the price of gems on the market. Therefore, serious companies diligently protect their mines.
Rozrobka expensive kamіnnya zdіysnyuєtsya in gіrskih breeds, girls rivers and vіdkrituyu soil. In some lands, an independent species of booty has been fenced off; Other countries allow such a trade for obtaining a license.
Video: Expensive stone in Shri Lanzi
Expensive stones of Russia are in the house of the whole world. The impersonal genera are unique for obligations and zmist. The main area of the fouling is the central and pivnіchno-shіdna parts of the country. The largest variety of luggage is found in the Urals, in the Yamalo-Nenets region, Chelyabinsk region (Norilsk). Ekaterinburg and other places of the Sverdlovsk region, the Baikal region (Irkutsk and Chitinsk regions, Buryatia) are famous for the cat stones.
The first Russian diamonds were known in the Urals in 1829. Vidobutok was hung in artisanal ways, and often expensive stones knew the vipadkovo at the hour of washing the gold-bearing piska. Less than 100 years in the Urals saw 250 diamonds with a wagon up to 25 carats. Ural diamonds are of marvelous purity and transparency. In the past, the relatives were born in the western regions of the Urals.
A variety of diamonds from Siberia was less likely to be found in the 50s of the 20th century. The largest kimberlite pipes were known in Yakutia. This made Russia one of the leaders of the world for the production of diamonds.
Ekaterinburg and the places of the Sverdlovsk region oppose the variety of brown copalins. What kind of expensive and expensive stone do you see here? Ekaterinburg to enter the so-called Ural district. The variety of minerals that are found here is simply wonderful: garnets (red jewelry and grossulari), malachite, rauchtopaz. Across from the Ural topazes are red, blue and violet. Most Ekaterinburg tsіnuє wine and yellow stone.
The regional center and adjacent regions are rich in deposits of rare minerals. In the Urals, there is a variety of bottles of verdelet and rhodonite. Yekaterinburg is the center of one of the oldest garnished footwear regions in the country. For the rest of the world in the photo, on which the Ural gems are depicted. At this time, only a part of the explored reserves with brown copalins are being rozroblyaetsya. Smaragdi, as if delivering Yekaterinburg, cherish the abundance of green colors and high transparency..
Not long ago, a novelty was announced that a new expensive stone was found near the Sverdlovsk region - Maryinsky. Mineral for hardness and glimpse of a trio is given to a diamond.
Cream of that Yekaterinburg supplies amethyst and aquamarine to the whole world. Red and black jaspers are found near the Sverdlovsk region. Black tourmaline – sherry is actively being discovered.
The territory of the Urals is majestic and rich on the copalin pattern. Ural gems spawned at their creations Bazhov. No photo does not convey all the glare of the expensive stone that is seen in the Urals. Minerals are highly valued by jewelers of the world.
In the Urals, the largest genera of emeralds and oleksandrites grow. The richest slag of high-acid charoist is also found in the Urals. In the Chelyabinsk region, a moon stone is found. Adularia from the Urals often avenge the inclusion of the golden dog. Mayzhe prozory moonstone was found on the Kola Pivostrov and in the Subpolar Urals.
The area near Baikal is known for its well-formed topazes. Buryatia sees all Russian jade. Some of the main layers of clothing are stowed and are visible close to Lake Baikal. Therefore, the stone is kept carefully, so as not to harm the ecosystem of the lake. Russian jade may be different in number, black specimens are traversed.
Trochs on the way to Lake Baikal from the birthplaces of the Bartoy group see bright-red garnets - piropi. The deposits of the Irkutsk region in the Baikal region give the edge of amethyst, light blue lapis lazuli, aquamarine and erysipelas-red rhodonite. Not far from Baikal there is a kind of bottle of tourmaline. In the Baikal region, a moon stone is found, which is a pearl.
Norilsk is famous for its majestic areas of saline deposits, natural gas and oil. In addition, Norilsk is home to expensive and expensive stones. On the outskirts of the city and adjacent areas, jade is produced. Norilsk maє genera of greenish-yellow olive oil.
Jewelers know Norilsk, as a place to look like a red stone. Zavdyaki to the great reserves of aluminium, and the flood of Norilsk and the Krasnoyarsk Territory є vlasniks gave to pumpellite. Among the other collections of minerals, yak vydobovaє Norilsk - moїhukit. Norilsk is home to a great number of zeolites. You can see among them prenіt. It is important that the mineral has exuberant power.
Norilsk is one of the cities where a rare light-yellow stilbite has been revealed. Call it something, it's walnut and it means "blisk". The stone can move a glint, which cannot be conveyed in the photo. Not long ago, Norilsk began to put on the market new expensive stones - xonotlite. The stench may be more zabarvlennya іz black or sіrimi razluchennyami.
Nizhniy Novgorod is no less rich on the kopalini's painting. On the industrial scale, Novgorod produces dolomite, clay and sand. Tim amazing novelty, sho Nizhny Novgorod can bring diamonds out of the earth. The governor of the region spoke about it. The dilyanka with a diamond-measured pipe, like the Volodya of Nizhny Novgorod, is small. Ale geological exploration continues. Possibly, at some future place, I will become one of the centers for the production of technical diamonds. Nizhny Novgorod celebrates the glory of the fatherland of miraculous carvings of stone. Virobi mystic masters in the house of the whole world.
Makhachkala and the entire Dagestan region are covered with deposits of saline ores and oil. Expensive stone here rarely grinds. ale Makhachkala may deyaki store girsky crystal, chalcedony, agate and carnelian.. The region has a more developed jewelry art. Kubachi, Makhachkala, Derbent are famous for masters of glyptics - artistic stone carving.
In the Oryol region, no significant genera of expensive stone have been found, but there are large reserves of syrovin for budding materials. Far beyond the borders of the Oryol region, in the houses of the milling stones of the village of Andriivka. Great boulders create chimeric forms. Leather stone can have special power: exultant ailments, helping in a special life of learning.
The Volgograd region also cannot boast of gems. Ale in Surovikino є vіdomi kurgani. Tse purchase of great shavers for the pischanik, like a celestial river saves heat. At Surovikino come impersonal tourists who have heard about the power of the stone stone.
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Bagato districts in Krim (Kerch, Bakhchisaray, Feodosijsky) may be the birthplace of an expensive stone and a vibration stone. The Crimea is characterized by vapnyakov and shale rocks. From above Krimu is given carnelian, amethyst (erysipelas and violet), onyx and opal.
Amazing variety of colors of agates for Krim. Here one sees black and white stones with males of erysipelas, blackite, red, brown and gray colors. Bakhchisarai and the Kerch region of Krimu are famous for their great stocks of jet. All the black stones and stovburi of trees, the sounds are similar to a stone. A lot of souvenirs for Krim were prepared from this gem.
On the territory of Kara-Dag there are birthplaces of girsky crystal, heliotrope, opal, chalcedony and jasper.. Ale tsya dіlyanka Krimu є zapovidnoy zone, that kind of butt of stone is not conducted. On the islands, rare milk opals grow (Kara-Dag, Bakhchisaray, Sudak). Citrinis are often found in mountain breeds.
The successors of Krim knew minerals from his lands, the power of the next region. The most common ones - kerchenit, mitridatite, alushtite and bosporite - took away the names of the city of knowledge. Bakhchisaray, Fiolent, Karadag are rich with jaspers of different colors. The most characteristic for Krim is red and yellow jasper with color blotches.
With us light in the house decorative stone Krimu - Black Sea route, marmur, diabase. Feodosiya, Sevastopol, Bakhchisaray may put a girsky crystal. A large-scale sighting of semi-precious syrovina on the pivostroy surroundings, shards of the greater part of the Crimea can be seen up to the conservation and protected areas.
There are no more than two dozens of the main varieties of expensive and virobny stone in the world. Tse lands, in which the export of gems should become suttevu, or to create the main part of the national budget. If you don’t take diamond-mining regions to your credit, then the richest and most expensive minerals of the country will be Australia, Brazil, Congo, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, India, PAR, Colombia, Myanma, Pakistan, Afghanistan. The most expensive stones are Europe, which are industrially important relatives of Pivnichna America, the pivnіchna part of Asia and Australia.
Svіtovі lіderi vydobutku expensive kamіnnya
Mineral | The edges of the cutter of expensive stone |
Diamond | PAR, Angola, Sierra Leone, Congo, Botswana, Algeria, Nigeria, Tanzania, Ghana, Lesotho, Guinea, Mali, India, China, Russia, Indonesia, Myanmar, Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana, Guiana, Australia, USA, Canada |
Rubin | Myanmar, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Greece, Laos, Kampuchea, Pakistan, Tanzania, Madagascar, Switzerland |
Sapphire | India, Sri Lanka, Kampuchea, Thailand, Myanmar, USA, Australia, Brazil |
Emerald | Colombia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, PAR, Mozambique, Pakistan, India, Australia, Norway, Austria, Brazil, Tanzania, Nigeria, USA |
Oleksandrite | Sri Lanka, Brazil, Myanmar, USA, Zambia, Zimbabwe |
Beryl | Brazil, Madagascar, Mozambique, USA, Namibia, Russia |
Turquoise | Iran, USA, Egypt, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, Peru, Brazil, Chile, Kazakhstan |
Demantoid | Italy, Russia, Namibia, Iran |
Opal | Australia, Austria, Mexico, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Brazil, Kazakhstan |
Pirop | Czech Republic, Madagascar, Mongolia, PAR |
Jadeit imperial | M'yanma, Kazakhstan, Russia |
Pearly | Australia, lands of the Persian Stream, India, Oceania |
Spinel | Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Tajikistan, |
Amethyst | Brazil, Uruguay, Madagascar, Zambia, Namibia, Mexico, Nimechchina, PAR |
Chrysolite | Egypt, USA, Norway, Myanmar, China, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Mongolia |
Chrysoprase | Australia, Poland, Kazakhstan |
Citrine | Brazil, Madagascar, |
Spodumene | Brazil, Madagascar, USA, Myanmar, Afghanistan |
Topaz | Brazil, Spain, Russia |
tourmaline | Brazil, Mozambique, Madagascar, USA, Russia |
Zozit | Tanzania |
Zircon | Madagascar, Brazil, Sri Lanka, Thailand |
Burshtin | Russia, Dominican Republic, Nіmechchina, USA, Japan, Poland |
The most significant genera of diamonds are found in the Pivdenny-African Republic (the first genera in kimberlites), in the Congo, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Angola, other lands of Pivdenny and Western Africa, as well as in Russia.
For a long time, there was little great significance (nine used) for the genera of diamonds in India and Brazil, which resemble the majority of historical diamonds.
The genera of chrysoberyl are grown in Russia (in the Urals, ninth cultivation), near Sri Lancia, Brazil and Zimbabwe.
Svіtovі lіderi vydobutku vrobnyh kamenіv
Mineral | The edge of the forager of forage stones |
Agalmatolit | China, Russia |
Agate | India, Nimechchina |
Amazonit | Brazil, India, USA, Kazakhstan, Zimbabwe, Madagascar, Canada |
Jet | UK, Spain, Russia, Georgia |
Hematite bloodstone | Russia, Great Britain, Germany, PAR, Brazil, Kazakhstan, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Spain, USA |
Jadeite | M'yanmar, Kazakhstan, Russia, Guatemala, USA |
Irising poles | Finland, Canada, Ukraine, Russia, USA, Kyrgyzstan, Madagascar, Norway, Sri Lanka |
Quartz | Madagascar, Brazil, PAR, India, Kazakhstan, Russia, China |
Lazulite | Angola, Namibia, Congo, Russia, Madagascar, Austria |
Lapis Lazuli | Afghanistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Chile |
Lepidolite | Brazil, Madagascar, Mongolia, USA |
Malachite | Congo, Zambia, Australia, USA, Kazakhstan, Namibia, China |
Marmur onyx | Egypt, Turkey, Algeria, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Argentina, Mexico, Italy, Turkmenistan |
Nephritis | China, Australia, Russia, Canada, New Zealand, Taiwan |
Obsidian | USA, Mexico, Russia, Germany, Italy, Iceland, Ecuador |
Wood benches | USA, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia |
Ophiocalcite | Algeria, Egypt, Argentina, Mexico, USA, Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan |
Rhodonite | Australia, PAR, USA, Japan, Russia, Sweden, Madagascar, Mexico |
Rhodochrosite | Argentina, USA |
Rodusit | Russia |
Serpentine | Russia, Mongolia, PAR, Algeria, Tasmania |
Fluorite | Russia, Tajikistan, USA, Mexico, Namibia, China, Canada |
Chlorite | Russia |
Charoite | Russia |
Jasper | Russia, India, USA, Venezuela, Egypt, Kazakhstan, France |
The most valuable variety of corundum rubin. The most important yogo genera are bought from M'yanmi (Mogok), Thailand, Sri-Lance and India. Rubin genera are also found in Tanzania, Pakistan, Norway, Greece (Macedonia), Switzerland (Campolungo, Tessin canton) and other.
The order of ruby middle corundum is valued sapphire. The most beautiful sapphires are found from roses near Kashmir (India), moreover, garni sapphires are found near Sri-Lance, Kampuchea (Pailin), Thailand and Myanmi. Varto also guessed the origins of sapphire in Australia, Madagascar, Brazil and the USA (Montana). Corundum fantasy zabarvleny come most importantly from Sri Lanka, Tanzania and Australia.
City of people spinels, as a rule, genetically and extensively related to corundum genera and in, for example, in M'yanmi, Shri Lanzi, Tajikistan.
Main genera noble opal roztashovani in Australia (black opal), Mexico (fire and "moon" opal), in the lower parts of Central America, as well as in the USA and Brazil. In Africa, the wise men fell in love with Ethiopia. Known for noble opal in Russia.
The most valuable variety of beryl emerald, the main genera of such a roztashovan in Colombia (smaragdovo digs of Muzo, Chivor-Somondoko, Buenavista, Gahala), near Zimbabwe (Sandavana), near the PAR (Leidsdorp near the Transvaal), near Pakistan, Zambia, India, Brazil and Russia. Current in the Urals). In addition, emeralds are found in Australia, Norway and Austria (Khabakhtal).
The largest genera are found in Colombia. The most important mine “Muzo” is mined for 100 km at the staging area of Bogotá. Smaragdi was made here by the Inks, then the birthplace was forgotten and reborn by the Spaniards of the 17th century. The development of this genus is carried out like adits, and in a smart way. M'aka smaragd breed is fluffed up by a mechanical path, and then sorted out manually. The rocks that contain are black carbonaceous-carbonate slates. Associated minerals: albite, apatite, aragonite, barite, calcite, dolomite, fluorite, pyrite. Another important ancestor is the Chivor mine, which is located on the pіvnіch vіd Bogota; vines were spread on the mountain slopes, at a height of 2360 m. all the robots were succumbed, the birthplace was abandoned and forgotten. Anew yogi was released at the turn of our century. Vmіshchuychi spawn here - grayish-black slates and gray vapnyaks. In a row from the opening of the rozrobkoy genus, not long ago it began to grow in the same adits. In the rest of the decade, new genera were born in Colombia, and in the middle of them, the second genera of Gahala, located near Chivor.
The Colombian order of many fates is trying to establish control over the sale of emeralds, and more products are sold to the market through illegal routes. For faceting, the appendages are no more than a third of the known emeralds. Clearances of high-thickness, redkishne stones, sounding of stones with a wide range of mountains, cracked and redundant inclusions.
Brazil has the most genera in the states of Bahia, Goias and Minas Gerais. Їхнє promissory meaning is small. Brazilian emeralds are lighter than Colombian ones, more importantly yellowish green, albeit richly clean.
In the other half of the 1950s, the genera of the emeralds grew in Zimbabwe. The largest of them is the "Sandavana" mine in the countryside. Crystals of emerald here are friable, aloe garnoi likeness. The rocks that contain are represented by hornblende schists.
At Pivnіchny Transvaal (PAR), emeralds are obtained by modern methods, from zastosuvannyam mehanizatsії (mines "Kobra" and "Sommerset"). Here, only 5% of the raw materials are used for faceting, the stone grating is too light or kalamutne, and that goes for cabochon. Seeing emeralds and in dry Mozambique, which is the most significant of the birthplaces of Morois and Maria III, on the pivdenno-zahіdny ending of the emerald zone, which stretches for dozens of kilometers. Other varieties of beryl may be richly less valuable.
Aquamarini are found in Brazil (pieces of Minas Gerais, Espiritu Santo, Bahia Seira), near Northern Africa (Mozambique, Kenya, Zimbabwe), near Namibia, in Madagascar and in Russia (Siberia). Rozhev was taken to know in Madagascar, Brazil, Mozambique and the USA (California).
Zhovti, yellow-green and bezbarvni took to be the leading rank from Brazil, from Madagascar, from Namibia and from South Africa, as well as from other regions of the world.
The most valuable variety of pomegranates - demantoid- Obtained in Russia (Urals) and in Italy (Fassatal, Alpi). In insignificant numbers, it occurs in Namibia, Korea, Iran, Ukraine, Congo, Sri-Lance, Pakistan, Switzerland and the USA. In Russia, in the home of Karkodin, the rodovishche was planted near the Karkodin transshipment station near the river. Upper Ufaley. Demantoids there settle down on the walls of cracks at the sight of solitary crystals or shields and succulent granular masses. Crystals of high-quality demantoid can be sized 2-10 mm, weight - 0.25 to 5-6 carats.
Pirop come from Sivbi. Czech Republic, PAR, Madagascar, Brazil and South Africa. A changeable variety of the pyrope-almandine series, known under the name rhodolite, as a jewelry stone, is only seen in Tanzania and Madagascar.
Almandin seen in India and Sri-Lance.
Spessartin know Madagascar and Brazil; grossular (gesonit) - in Shri Lanzi and in Skhidniy Africa. Particularly high chromium grossulars are still only found in Tanzania. Translucent varieties of grossular are also seen in PAR.
Genera of ogranic olivine ( chrysolite or peridot) are distributed in APE (Saint John near the Red Sea), Myanmar, USA and Norway.
Z piroksenіv schodo important expensive stones є thirstyі spodumene. The best of the genera of jade maє M'yanma (Taumau), cutting jewelry spodumens are taken from Brazil, from Madagascar and the USA (California). Rodovishcha zhadeїtu vyrobnyh cultivars native to Russia.
Yellow, brown and orange erysipelas topazi good quality is less common in Brazil (pc. Minas Gerais, near Oruo Preto). From the history of the genera of horn-bearing topaz near Nimechchina (Schneckenstein near Saxony) and Russia. Brown topaz comes, moreover, from Mexico and Russia. Barbless and black topazes are found in Brazil, Russia, Zimbabwe and Namibia.
beautiful greenery tourmalines they are found in Namibia, Brazil, Northern Africa, in Madagascar and Sri-Lance, red tourmaline - in Brazil, Northern Africa in the USA (California), in Russia they get erysipelas and raspberry-red rubels.
Zirconi it is important to know in Thailand, Sri Lancia, in Northern Africa, in Madagascar and in Brazil.
Zozit, like an expensive stone (that is the blue of the gap and the green of the variety, which shines through) is still only in Tanzania.
Burshtin zustrichaetsya leading rank in Russia, Poland, Lithuania vzdovzh zberezhzhya Baltic Sea, that in the Dominican Republic (Ridkishny Blakytny Burshtin).
Three genera of quartz, zokrema gіrsky krishtal, next, persh for everything, denoting the origins of Brazil, Madagascar and India.
Amethyst are found in Brazil, Uruguay, Zambia, Namibia and Madagascar. Genera of amethysts are also found in Russia, USA, Mexico, France, Germany and some other countries.
Guided riddles about relatives citrine be known as the leading rank in Brazil, Madagascar, Spain and England (order with other countries).
Dimchasty quartz zustrichaetsya in Brazil, in Madagascar and in Russia, and erysipelas - in Brazil, Mozambique, PAR and India.
Chrysoprase during the given hour it is important to come from Australia (pc. Queensland). Other genera are found near Frankonia (Nimechchina), near Silesia (Poland), Kazakhstan and near Skhidny Africa.
Order with genera, scho to make history agativ in Sicily, Nіmechchinі (Іdar-Oberstein and Saxony) industrially important, which may have a light meaning, it is also the genera of agatіv in Brazil, Uruguay, Madagascar, Namibia and Morocco.
Among carbonates, only malachiteі rhodochrosite. Malachite genera are associated with copper ore genera and in the leading rank of the Congo, Zambia and Russia (wishing the glory of the Ural stone is already in the past), Kazakhstan; jewelry rhodochrosite is still only found in Argentina.
Z Phosphate in this value is less turquoise. The main genera are found in Iran, China and the USA. Turquoise of low clarity is suitable for the market from Mongolia. Next to guess also genera on the Sinai Peninsula (Egypt), which are of daily historical interest. In Russia, there are small manifestations of turquoise in Altai and the Polar Urals.
Prozory lazulite Yuvelіranino Jubosti Sunter_chaє Lishe from Brazilії, I want to break the genus Nazulіti Vіdomі Torzozhi at Swiss company, Angolan, Congo, that Australia (in Alpiysky Zhilakh), Vіdyda Skyodskiyki (Pope) at Rosії - Mamsko-Chuysky District Irkutskiїї Tajitiya.
Of the silicates in the group of amphiboles, next to designate genera jade.
The most important of them are near New Zealand, on Pivdenny Island; in Russia (Baikal Mountain Region), China (West Kun-Lun Ridge, Karakash River), Canada, Australia, USA, Poland and New Guinea.
City of people lapis lazuli(Lapis lazuli) rose in Afghanistan, Russia (Baikal), Tajikistan (Pamir) and Chile.
Rhodonite to walk, head rank, PAR and Australia. The genera of rhodonite are also in Japan and the USA.
The only family in the world charoita seen in Russia.