What is a modern membrane in biology? What is the membrane that works like that? What is it
Membrane (biology)
Image of the cellular membrane. Small black and white bags give hydrophilic "heads" of lipids, and lines adjoining them - to hydrophobic "tails". Less than integral membrane proteins (red globules and yellow helices) are shown on the baby. Yellow oval dots in the middle of the membrane - cholesterol molecules
The biological membrane includes various proteins: integral (permeate the membrane across), non-integral (one-pointed at the outer or inner lipid ball), superficial (stitched on the outer or adjacent to the inner side of the membrane). Deyaki proteins are points of contact of the clitin membrane with the cytoskeleton in the middle of the clitin and the clitin wall (yakshcho won є) bells. Deyakі z іntegrаlnyh blіkіv vykonuyut іnіh kanalіv, іnіh transporterіv і receptorіv.
Functions of biomembranes
- bar'erna - safe regulation, vibratory, passive and active exchange of speech from the usual medium. For example, the peroxisome membrane protects the cytoplasm from peroxides that are not safe for clitin. Viborcha permeability means that the permeability of the membrane for various atoms and molecules to lie in the form of їх expansions, electric charge and chemical power. Viborcha penetration ensures the safety of the clitin and clitin compartments in the presence of the most important medium and the supply of their necessary cavities.
- transport - through the membrane, the transport of speeches from the clitin and from the clitin occurs. Transport through membranes is safe: the delivery of living tissues, the removal of terminal products of metabolism, the secretion of various tissues, the formation of ionic gradients, the maintenance of clitinic pH and ionic concentration, which are necessary for the work of cellular enzymes.
Partials, for reasons that do not transfer the phospholipid bisphere (for example, through the hydrophilic power, shards, the membrane in the middle is hydrophobic and does not pass the hydrophilic speech, or through the great rosemary), but is necessary for the clitin, the special carriers can penetrate the membranes (transporters) and proteins-channels or a way to endocytosis.
With passive transport of speech, the lipid bilayer is tinted without energy absorption by a diffusion path. As a variant of this mechanism, diffusion is facilitated, with such speech it helps to pass through the membrane, whether a specific molecule. Each molecule can have a channel that allows more than one type of speech to pass through.
Active transport vymagaє vitrat energy, oskolki vіdbuvaєtsya against the concentration of the gradient. On the membrane, there are special proteins-pumps, including ATPase, which actively pump potassium ion (K+) from the cell and pump sodium ions (Na+) from it.
- matrix - safe inter-frost and orientation of membrane proteins, their optimal interplay;
- mechanical - safety of the autonomy of the clitin, її vnutrіshnoklіtinnyh structures, as well as closing with other clitins (in fabrics). The great role of the provision of mechanical functions is played by the clitin walls, and in creatures - the intercellular cavity.
- energetic - during photosynthesis in chloroplasts and cellular dihann in mitochondria, both membranes develop energy transfer systems, which also take the role of proteins;
- receptor - active proteins that sit at the membrane, є receptors (molecules, from which cells receive those other signals).
For example, hormones, which circulate in the blood, develop only on such cell-targets, as they can act on receptors for hormones. Neurotransmitters (chemical speech, which ensure the conduction of nerve impulses) also interact with special receptor proteins of clitin-targets.
- Enzymatic - membrane proteins are often enzymes. For example, the plasma membranes of the epithelial cells of the intestine can be attacked by herbal enzymes.
- zdіysnennya generation and carrying out biopotentials.
Behind the pre -school membrane in Klitini PIDITRIMENITRINA concentration IONIV: concentrates Ion K+ Clitin Klitini is validly, NIZh Zovni, and concentrates Na+ is validly, it is important, there is a kind of general, the generals of the nervous are nervous.
- labeling of cells - on the membrane there are antigens that work as markers - "labels" that allow the recognition of cells. These glycoproteins (that is, proteins with admixture of oligosaccharide beetle lances attached to them) play the role of “antennas”. Through the indistinguishable, impersonal configuration of the bich lances, it is possible to create your own special marker for the skin type of clitin. For additional help, markers of cells can recognize other cells and work similarly to them, for example, when molding organs and tissues. This allows the immune system to recognize foreign antigens.
Structure and storage of biomembranes
Membranes are composed of three classes of lipids: phospholipids, glycolipids and cholesterol. Phospholipids and glycolipids (lipids with carbohydrates added to them) are formed from two double hydrophobic carbohydrate “tails”, which are connected with a charged hydrophilic “head”. Cholesterol gives membrane rigidity, occupying a large space between the hydrophobic tails of lipids and not allowing them to bend. For this reason, membranes with less cholesterol are more likely to have more cholesterol, and with more - more and more tendencies. Cholesterol also serves as a "stopper" that moves polar molecules from cells to cells. Proteins form an important part of the membrane, which permeate and influence the different powers of the membranes. Their warehouse and orientation in different membranes differ.
The clitin membranes are often asymmetric, so the balls are suspended behind the lipid storage, the transition of the okremo molecule from one ball to another (so ranks flip flop) Difficulties.
Membrane organelles
All of them are closed singly or connected to one of the cells of the cytoplasm, fused to the membranes of the hyaloplasm. To single-membrane organelles, there are endoplasmic membranes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, peroxisomes; to two-membrane - the nucleus, mitochondria, plastidi. Zovni clitina is surrounded by the so-called plasma membrane. Budov's membranes of various organelles are kept behind the storehouse of lipids and membrane proteins.
Viborcha penetration
Cell membranes can vibrate: through them, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol and ions diffuse freely, and the membranes themselves actively regulate the entire process to the singing world - some words are passed through, and others are not. Іnuє chotiri main mechanisms for the delivery of speech in clitin or both of them are called: diffusion, osmosis, active transport and exo- or endocytosis. The first two processes create a passive character, tobto. do not waste energy; two rest-active processes related to energy reduction.
Viborcha membrane penetration during passive transport is surrounded by special channels - integral proteins. The stinks penetrate the membrane through and through, appeasing a kind of passage. For the elements K, Na and Cl are their own channels. According to the concentration gradient, the molecules of these elements collapse into and out of the cell. In case of teasing, the channels of sodium ions open up and there is a sharp increase in sodium ion intake into the clitina. At whom there is an imbalance in the membrane potential. Then the membrane potential is restored. Potassium channels are always drunk, through them the client is properly consumed by ions
All living organisms of the Earth are composed of clitin, the skin clitin is sharpened with a protective shell - a membrane. However, the functions of the membrane are not interspersed with suffocative organoids and other cells alone. The clitin membrane is a collapsible mechanism that directly takes part in the reproduction, regeneration, revitalization, dementia and other important functions of the clitin.
The term "clitin membrane" has been around for nearly a hundred years. The very word "membrane" in translation from Latin means "spitting". Ale, in the fall of the clitin membrane, it would be more correct to speak and the combination of two spittings, joined together by a singing rank, moreover, the different sides of these spittings may be different powers.
The clitin membrane (cytoleme, plasmalem) is a cetrispheric lipoprotein (fat-protein) membrane that water-creams the skin clitin in the sus- cular clitin and the superfluous medium, and thus the exchange between the clitin and the superfluous medium.
The most important in this case may not be those who have a clitin shell in one clitin in the other, but those who take care of the interdependence of other clitins and the other middle. Membrane is already active, permanently decomposing structure of cells, as nature has laid down impersonal functions. From our statistics, you know everything about the warehouse, life, authority, and the function of the clitin membrane, as well as about that insecurity, like making a healthy person damaged in the robotic clitin membranes.
History of research on cellular membrane
In 1925, two German scientists, Gorter and Grendel, were able to conduct the most sophisticated experiment on red blood cells of human blood, erythrocytes. With the aid of an osmotic blow, the elders took away the titles of "thin" - empty shells of erythrocytes, then put them in one pile and blew the surface area. The next step was the calculation of the number of lipids in the clitin membrane. For the help of acetone, they saw lipids with “shadows” and indicated that they were sticking to the underarm ball.
Prote during the experiment, two rude pardons were allowed:
Vykoristannya acetone does not allow to see absolutely all lipids from the membranes;
The area on the surface of the “shadows” was covered with a dry wall, which is also wrong.
Oskіlki the first pardon gave a minus to the roses, and the other - a plus, the wild result turned out to be completely accurate, and the Germans brought the world of science the most important test - the lipid bis of the clitin membrane.
In 1935, another pair of co-workers, Danielle and Dawson, after two years of experiments on bilipid spittles, made a note about the presence of whites in clitin membranes. Otherwise, it is not possible to explain why the swimming pools can have such a high indicator of surface tension. The scientists presented an enormously schematic model of the clitin membrane, I look like a sandwich, the role of small pieces of bread is played by homogeneous lipid-protein balls, and between them the deputy of the olyme is empty.
In 1950, with the aid of the first electron microscope, the theory of Daniell-Dawson was often confirmed in the distance - on the microphotographs of the clitin membrane, two balls were clearly visible, which are formed from the lip and white heads, and between them, the openings of the tails are more spacious.
In 1960, roci, keruyuchis tsimi danimi, American microbiologist J. Robertson, having developed a theory about the trispheric budovu clitin membranes, for a long time it was considered one and the same. Prote with the development of science, the Daedals were made more summative about the homogeneity of these versions. From a glance of thermodynamics, such a budova is not visible in the region - it would be more convenient for clitins to transport speech in the middle of that name through the entire “sandwich”. In addition, it has been shown that the cellular membranes of various tissues can vary in fabric and the method of fixation, which is related to the various functions of organs.
In 1972 microbiologists S.D. Singer and G.L. Nicholson could explain all the inconsistencies of Robertson's theory with the help of a new, common-mosaic model of the clitin membrane. It was established that the membrane is heterogeneous, asymmetric, reminiscent of the motherland, that її clitiny perebuvayut in postyy rus. And proteins, which enter to the її warehouse, may be recognized differently, moreover, the stench in a different way is spread like a bilipid ball of the membrane.
Three types of proteins are present in the warehouse of cellular membranes:
Peripheral - to attach to the surface of the slab;
Napіvіntegrаlnі- often penetrate the middle of the bilipid ball;
Integral - completely penetrate the membrane.
Peripheral proteins are bound to the heads of membrane lipids for additional electrostatic interaction, and stench does not in any way satisfy the sucrose ball, as it was customary to do earlier. And napіvіntegrіlnі and іntegrіlnі proteins serve tо tranportovanny vіdіvіnі kіtinі sourіnі zhivnіh rіchovіn, and tо vyvedennya z it prodіtіv disintegration for іlkoh important functions, аbout yоu know further.
The clitin membrane has the following functions:
Barrier - the penetration of the membrane for different types of molecules is not the same. In order to hide the shells of the cell, the molecule is to blame for the mother's rosemary, chemical power and electric charge. Shkіdlі or nevіdpіdnі molecules, zavdjaki bar'ernіy function і і і і і і і іnії і і і і і ії і і і і і і і і і і і і і і іshі і і ії і і ії і ії ії ії ії ії іїї іїї ії ії їїїї ї її її її її її її ї ї ії ії відідідніі відніі molecules, simply can't penetrate into the middle of the clitinum. For example, for an additional reaction to peroxide, the membrane protects the cytoplasm from peroxides that are not safe for it;
The transport-crown membrane passes through passive, active, regulation and vibratory exchange. Passive exchange is suitable for fat-spreading speeches and gases, which are composed of small molecules. Such speeches penetrate the middle and come out of the cells without vitrates of energy, of course, by the diffusion method. The transport function of the clitin membrane is active only if it is necessary to carry out the necessary speech into the clitina or from it, which is important to transport. For example, how to create a great expansion of molecules, or how not to throw a white ball through hydrophobicity. Todi repair proteins-pumps, including ATPase, as they are responsible for the inoculation of potassium ion in clitin and the release of sodium ion in it. The regulation of the transport exchange is necessary for the functioning of the secretion and fermentation, for example, if the cells vibrate and see the hormones or the shlunkovy sik. All speeches come out of the cells through special channels in a given connection. And the choice of the transport function is connected with these integral proteins, which penetrate the membrane and serve as a channel for the entry and exit of strictly singly types of molecules;
The matrix - clitin membrane is responsible for fixing the growth of organoids one by one (nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts) and regulating the interaction between them;
Mechanical safety of the exchange of one cell in the other, and, at the same time, correctly joining the cells in a uniform tissue and the stability of the organs before deformation;
Zakhisnu - like in roslins, so in creatures, the clitin membrane is the basis for budding the zahisny frame. The butt can be hard wood, thick skin, prickly thorns. Creatures also have a rich application of the protective functions of cellular membranes - tortoise shell, chitinous membrane, kopita tarogi;
Energetic - the processes of photosynthesis of this clitin's breath would be impossible without the participation of proteins in the clitin's membrane, even for the help of the protein channels of the clitin's exchange of energy;
Receptor proteins injected into the clitin membrane may have one important function. The stinks serve as receptors, as a rule, clitin takes a signal from hormones and neurotransmitters. And tse, at its core, is necessary for the conduction of nerve impulses and the normal flow of hormonal processes;
Enzymatic - another important function, attached to the active proteins of cellular membranes. For example, in the epithelium of the intestine, for the help of such proteins, herbal enzymes are synthesized;
biopotential- The concentration of potassium ions in the middle of the cell is significantly higher, lower level, and the concentration of sodium ions, on the other hand, is higher, lower middle. This is explained by the difference in potentials: the middle cells are negatively charged, the sounds are positive, which will saturate the speech of the middle cells and the names in case of three types of exchange - phagocytosis, pinocytosis and exocytosis;
Marking - on the surface of clitin membranes - the so-called "shortcuts" - antigens that are formed from glycoproteins (whites with adjoining oligosaccharide flanks to them). Shards of white lancers can have impersonal configurations, skin types of cells take their own unique label, which allows other cells of the body to recognize them “in disguise” and respond correctly to them. Why, for example, immune cells of humans, macrophages, easily recognize foreigners that have penetrated the body (infection, virus) and are attacked by it. Those same people get sick, who mutated with old clitins - the label on their clitin membrane changes, and the body gets rid of them.
The cellular exchange is carried through the membranes and can be used for the help of three main types of reactions:
Phagocytosis is a clitinic process, in which clitin-phagocytes are introduced into the membrane, they suffocate and overetch solid particles of living speeches. In the human organism, phagocytosis occurs with membranes of two types of cells: granulocytes (granular leukocytes) and macrophages (immune killer cells);
Pinocytosis is the process of engorgement of the surface clitin membrane, where radinin molecules stick to it. For eating according to the type of pinocytosis, clitin grows on its membrane thin fluffiness in the form of whiskers, like a droplet of radish, and a little patch comes out. The back of this little patch bulges over the surface of the membrane, and then “forges” - hovering in the middle of the clitin, and the walls of the same wall are already angry with the inner surface of the clitin membrane. Pinocytosis may occur in all living cells;
Exocytosis is a reversible process, when in the middle of the cells the bulbs with a secretory functional homeland (enzyme, hormone) are established, and it is necessary to introduce from the cells into the middle of the middle. For this bulb, the onion is angry with the inner surface of the clitin membrane, then it boils at the name, bursts, twists together and again becomes angry with the surface of the membrane, which once again from the outer side. Exocytosis to take place, for example, in the cells of the intestinal epithelium and the measles of the epithelium.
The membrane membranes contain lipids of three classes:
Phospholipides;
Glycolipid;
Cholesterol.
Phospholipids (combination of fats and phosphorus) and glycolipids (combination of fats and carbohydrates), at their side, are formed from a hydrophilic head, which has two hydrophobic tails. And the axis of cholesterol sometimes occupies space between them with two tails and does not let them bend, so that the membranes of these cells are hard. In addition, cholesterol molecules arrange the structure of cellular membranes and change the transition of polar molecules from one cell to the other.
But the most important warehouse, as can be seen from the front section about the functions of cellular membranes, is proteins. Їx warehouse, recognized and roztashuvannya more raznomanіtnі, but є schos spilne, scho їх ob'єdnuє: navlkіv klіtinnykh membranes zavzhd roztashovanі annularі lipidi. These particular fats, which are clearly structured, stable, have more fatty acids in their warehouse and are seen from the membranes together with “supplied” proteins. This kind of personal zahisna shell for whites, without some kind of stink, they simply did not practice.
The structure of the clitin membrane is trispheric. In the middle, a uniformly uniform, rare, bilipid ball protrudes, and the whites curl up on both sides like a mosaic, often penetrating into the torso. It would be wrong to think that the white balls of cellular membranes are uninterrupted. The proteins of the cream of their folding functions are needed in the membrane in order to pass through the middle of the clitin and transport the name of speech from them, so as not to penetrate through the fat ball. For example, they are potassium and sodium. Їx transmission of special protein structures - ion channels, a report about some of the differences.
Just look at the clitin membrane through a microscope, you can shake a ball of lipids, solutions with other stalking molecules, like, like by the sea, great white clitins of various shapes float. Thus, the membranes themselves divide the inner expanse of the skin clitinum into pores, in which the nucleus, chloroplasts and mitochondria are quietly rotting. The yakbees were not in the middle of the cell and were full of “kimnat”, the organoids would stick together one by one and could not perform their functions correctly.
Clitina - ce structured and supported by the membranes of organoids, as it takes part in the complex of energy, metabolic, informational and reproductive processes, which ensure the life of the organism.
As is obvious from its purpose, the membrane is the most important functional storage cell. Its significance is as great as the significance of the nucleus, mitochondria and other cellular organelles. And the unique dominance of the membrane is embroidered with everyday life: it is made up of two plaits, one with one special rank. Molecules of phospholipids at the membrane are staggered with hydrophilic heads called, and hydrophobic tails in the middle. That is why one beak of a swimmer urinates with water, and the other one does not. So from, the streams of the swimmers grow one by one with the non-urinating sides in the middle, satisfying the bilipid ball, exuding with the molecules of the proteins. Tse i є "sandwich" of the bud clitin membrane.
Ionic channels of cellular membranes
Let's take a look at the principle of robotic channels. Do you need more stench? On the right, in that the cracked lipid membrane can easily penetrate only fat-free speech - gas, alcohol, and fats themselves. So, for example, in red blood cells, the exchange of sour and carbon dioxide is constantly observed, and for which our body does not have to go into the daily additive tricks. How about buti, if there is a need for transporting a cryogenic membrane of aqueous solutions, such as sodium and potassium salts?
It would have been impossible to lay a path in a bilipid ball for such speeches; But nature, as usual, knew how to get out of the situation, and created special protein transport structures.
Use two types of wires:
Conveyors – napіvіntegrаlnі proteins-pumps;
Canaloformers are integral proteins.
Proteins of the first type are often zanurenny in the bilipid ball of the clitin membrane, and the head looks like a name, and in the presence of the necessary speech stink, they begin to behave like a pump: they attract the molecule and soak it in the middle of the clitin. And proteins of another type, integral ones, have a twisted shape and spread perpendicularly to the bilipid ball of the clitin membrane, penetrating through it. Through them, like through tunnels, speeches collapse at the clitin and z clitin, fat does not pass suddenly. Itself through the ion channels in the middle of the cells penetrate the ions of potassium and they accumulate in them, and the ions of sodium, on the other hand, are named. The reason for this is the difference in electrical potentials, which is necessary for the correct operation of all cells in our body.
The most important visnovki about the life and functions of clitin membranes
The theory always looks like a promising one, so that it can be zastosuvat in practice. Vidkrittya budovita and the functions of clitin membranes of the human body allowed us to develop a right breakthrough in science in general, and in medicine, zocrema. We didn’t report so publicly on the ion channels, but even here we are crying out on one of the most important nutrition of modernity: why do people get sick more and more often with oncology?
Cancer collectively takes close to 17 million lives from the whole world, and is the fourth most common cause of all deaths. According to WHO data, the incidence of oncology is steadily increasing, and by the end of 2020, the year can reach 25 million per river.
What explains the real epidemic of cancer, and here are the functions of cellular membranes? You will say: the reason for the filthy environmental situation, the wrong eating habits, the bad sounds and the important recession. And, obviously, mathematically, but if you talk about the problem more objectively, then the reason is the acidification of the human body. Inducing more negative factors lead to the destruction of the robotic cell membranes, suppressing food and eating.
There, where there is a plus, there is a minus and the client cannot function normally. And the axis of the cancer cells does not need any sour, nor the puddle of the middle - the stench of the building vikoristaty anaerobic type of eating. That is why, in the minds of acid starvation, that off-scale equal pH of healthy cells mutate, linger on to the nasty middle ground, and become cancerous cells. So people and ailments to oncology. In order to get away, it is necessary to get used to a sufficient amount of pure water today, and to be exposed to carcinogens in hedgehogs. Ale, as a rule, people know miraculously about shkіdlі products that consume in yakіsnіy vіdі, and do not shy away from anything - they spodіvayutsya, scho dashingly beaten by their side.
Knowing the peculiarities of the functions of the cellular membranes of various clitins, doctors can victoriously ventilate for the application of a directed, targeted therapeutic injection on the body. A lot of modern drug preparations, sucking into our body, whisper the need for a “target”, which can act as ion channels, enzymes, receptors and biomarkers of cellular membranes. This way of exaltation allows you to achieve more high results for minimal side effects.
Antibiotics of the rest of the generation, when they get into the blood, do not drive in the ears of the cells, but whisper to the cells themselves, focusing on the markers in the cells' shells. New preparations against migraines, triptans, sound less like inflammation of the cerebral cortex, and may not spit on the heart and peripheral circulatory system. I recognize the stench of the judge's needs by the proteins of their clitin membranes. Such applications are impersonal, so it can be said with confidence that knowledge about the everyday life and functions of clitin shells lie at the basis of the development of modern medical science, and count millions of lives in a short time.
Lighting: Moscow medical institute im. I. M. Sechenova, specialty - "Likuvalna right" in 1991 work, in 1993 work "Professional ailments", in 1996 work "Therapy".
Membrane virishila super nutritious. How to take away the breathless clothes with water-powered authorities. What is the secret? For those whose skin pores of the membrane of the flooring are small, so as not to let a drop of water through themselves, but it’s time to take a large one, so that they can take in, dribbling behind their structure, a couple of types of body. Combining different types of membranes and suputnіh fabrics, weeds create clothes with unique powers for various areas of stagnation.
Membrane smell can be seen 4 main directions for stosuvannya:
- for cardiovantagena (big, cycling);
- for mountaineering;
- everyday wear, tourism, watering, fishing;
- for classic winter sports - skiing, snowboarding.
The very classification of the sounding sphere of the choice of the membrane dressing allows it not to be ruined by the sea of propositions. To find out, on which group of goods you are orienting, at the hour of purchase, find out from the catalogs of the selections, or contact the sellers as soon as possible. І proceed to the next stage - the selection of optimal characteristics.
Water resistance and vapor permeability
The very water resistance and vapor permeability characterize the main power of the membrane. Water resistance is especially important if you are planning to play sports with filthy weather minds. Її pay for the help of special outbuildings that imitate water stovp. If the greater pressure is on the membrane tissue, then it’s better to steal your sackcloth.
Qi 2 pokazniki can show clothes on labels. Water resistance at mm water column, and vapor permeability at MVTR or RET. Report about all three below.
In some cases, the vibrator shows only the area of stowing the virob without inserting MVTR or RET.
Water resistance
Group the indicator of water resistance as follows:
- more than 20,000 mm - clothes attached to vikoristannya under the hour of a storm, piss off with a strong wind;
- 10000-20000 mm - you can see a strong board or a pour;
- 5000-10000 mm - dead wood;
- 1000-5000 mm - weak board, fog;
- <1000 мм – только ветрозащитные свойства.
Irrespective of the signs of water resistance, weeds often pierce the membrane with the greatest power. In such a way, as a bi guaranteeing your customers comfort for an hour, be it a scoundrel.
For lovers of hiking, fishing and watering, Viroblyayutsya.
Vapor permeability
The vapor permeability of the membrane smell is rather significant, the lower water resistance. The very same vіdpovіdaє for comfort pіd an hour of active physical navantage, if the organism produces a couple, it's necessary to swidko and yakіsno vyvesti.
For rozrahunka vapour-permeability of vicorist, there are 2 main methods:
- MVTR transmitting testuvannya zrazkіv to the building to let the fabric water vapor through. Taking off the indicator is recorded as X g / m2 / 24 years old, with a value of X over 13000 - extremely breathtaking clothes, from 6000 to 13000 - good breathtaking, below 6000 - clothes with a peaceful building bring a couple.
- RET- A reverse technique, like a rozrakhovu te, like a fabric, we make a wager. The back of the head was slammed by Gore-Tex. The vapor permeability scale for the RET method looks like this: 0-6 - the steam does not go out, the fabric is extremely loose, 6-13 - miraculously loose, 13-20 - the cloth is calmly loose, more than 20 - the cloth is not loose.
Do not always show signs of vapor permeability for two identical methods. It is connected with the minds of the test in various neighboring centers.
Looking back at the names of the workers, they show insulting values on the bidder, if not, they are less than a showcase, repayments for one method, and others can not give specific values of spozhivachevi (so that they uniquely match clothes with products that compete with only one show).
Which riven of vapor permeability to choose
High indicators of vapor permeability are especially important for active physical adventures. If you plan to wear a membrane garment for less than an hour of walking, a vapor permeability indicator of 6-10 RET is enough.
See the membranes behind the house and confess
The membrane is only a thin layer with cracked holes. It’s good to let a couple pass through, which, when it comes out of the body, and when it comes out, it becomes watery from the outer side, not passing through itself small particles of water.
This is how the membrane tissue looks under the microscope for an hour
Budova membranes play an important role as a robot and inspire a line of exploitation.
Yakі іsnuyut tipi
- Bezporovі- do not work without a middle, so that a couple of the cob settles on the inner surface of the membrane, and then stepwise evaporates under the force of a vice. Nonporous membranes are durable and unpretentious;
- Porovi- it’s better to “breathe” the membranes, but let’s look at a double sight;
- Combined- the same characteristics as a porous, and non-porous membrane. This type of vikoristovuyut in robots all conductors of vibrators;
- eVent- a new class in membranes, the virobniks "taught" the pore membrane to absorb brud and fat, thereby giving it more durability.
Overview of the druft jacket with eVent membrane
The purpose of membranes is also different:
- Vitrozahisnі- ring out at the link with a fleece (polartec) canvas, apply a ball of water seepage on the yak. Such clothes are optimal for operation in the period of the mid-season; All vitro-protective membranes are durable, inexpensive and non-viable.
- Vitro-і water protection- A classic in membrane industry. The stench of being rented for exploitation is for bad weather minds. Mayut good vodovіdshtovhuvalnі and vіtrozakhisnі power, zberіgayut zdatnіst dikhati. Membrane membranes are expensive and viable at the watchful eye.
Tissue-protective membranes
Membrane (through її thin) in clothes, zavzhdі prikrivaє fabric, like first maє vtrimati blow in the wind, I'll cover the snowfall.
The inner lining looks like a mesh that protects.
On її authority pour in such displays:
- Fiber type- All synthetic materials are nylon or polyester. Mayut approximately the same power, but nylon is softer, and polyester is cheaper and warmer. In lonely cases, the membrane odor has elastic materials, and the membrane is sensitive to stretching.
- Tovshchina that vaga of threads- tsey pokaznik signify yak Den or D (day) and open yak vaga 9 km of the marked thread. Fabrics with high values of the day are more important and dosit important.
- Gustina- Razrakhovuyut at g/m2. High pokazniki always characterize the cuff, the lining of the fabric.
The leather weaver is always ready to search for ideally light, cotton and at once inexpensive fabrics. Ale, in practice, always bring about a compromise between the vagary and the mіtsnіst.
You don’t plan to climb the mountain peaks, but pick up clothes for wearing in the Moscow regime or non-trivial campaigns, as a whole, inexpensive membrane jackets will come out.
For mountaineering and freeride adjuncts and lightweight materials, as they test for durability to wear and tear. Qi fabrics are more expensive, which pours into the last variety of fabrics.
What are you doing trivial hiking trips, podbaite, so that the membrane jacket was wear-resistant, so that the straps of the backpack create rubbish for an hour and can damage the fabric, and the membrane.
For aerobic pursuits ideally light fabric from a deadly fabric. Vtіm, collapse at such an odyazі bazhano on mіstsevnostі without reshkod.
Methods for closing the membrane with tissue
In order for the membrane and tissue to be processed in one connection, they are connected. Outer fabric - membrane - inner lining. Come out like a kind of sandwich.
Yak tse vlashtovano:
- 2-ball materials (2L or 2-layer) - have a simple way of attaching the membrane to the inner lining of the fabric. This method may be quite short - the membrane is worn out, so nothing is covered in the middle. In some cases, add a 3rd ball to this scheme of minds - a lining in the look of the mesh or soft tissue, but not to serve as an additional cover for the membrane.
- 2.5-ball materials (2.5L or 2.5-layer) are also similar to 2-balls, only the function of covering the membrane is not covered by a mesh, but by a special coating. Tsya scheme of fastening of the membrane allows you to save the flexibility and durability of the membrane.
- 3-ball materials (3L or 3-layer) - a kind of fabric monolith, membrane and lining. Clothes with this type of membrane reinforcement are important, soft, but play for the rahunok of the trivial term of exploitation.
Short lacquer for fabric marking with thermosaving power
Designation:
- Soft Shell - especially soft, comfortable, flexible material;
- Windbloc, Windtec - the combinations with these designations protect the wind from the wind, but do not guarantee the watersheds of the authorities;
- Windstopper - a perfected line of clothes from the company Gore with a garniture of wind;
- Polartec Thermal Pro is a warm heating material, in fact, half of it is half full;
- Polartec Wind Pro - a heating material with a powerful wind protection function, can protect from a small board;
- Polartec 200 is one of the most popular heat-saving materials for jackets;
- Resist Techno Soft Shell is the newest material on the market of membrane clothing, miraculously glowing, may increase wild power. Go to the active to do sports;
- Rip Stop - fabric with a special structure of interweaving of threads, which is also wear-resistant;
- Gore-Tex - the first patented membrane in the light;
- Sympatex is a German high-tech membrane that can be stuck in the breeze;
- eVent - improved pore membrane, ideal for extreme sports wear;
- ComforTex is a membrane in the form of an Italian vineyard with a water-repellent effect.
Give respect to the special cut
Prior to the sewing process, the fabrics are considered not less pedantically, lower to the selection of fabrics and the type of membrane. If the model will not sit on the figure, the whole sense of the membrane dress will be worn.
At the first stage, the models prepare the form. Vaughn can vrakhovuvaty head nuances of the possible physical ambition. Everything is important here: allowance for seams up to the width of the elastic bands on the cuffs.
For greater functionality in clothing, it is necessary to strengthen the space of the greatest comfort before wear and tear, making the basis of the fabric with more light materials. Tse allows you to reduce the varity, saving at the same time the lightness of the finished garment.
On overalls and trousers, the bottom of the trousers, the area of the knee and the bottom should be narrowed. In jackets sweating roar on the elbows, cuffs and shoulders. It is more typical for a membrane garment to wear shoulder seams and seams on the back - it allows you to reduce the rub of a backpack for an hour of trips.
Zagalom membrane clothing is not a place for model clothes, so the chokers let out 3 main types of cut:
- Athletic- Reimbursement for intensive physical training (big, cycling). Gives a perfect fit according to the figure (won, vіdpovіdno, tezh maє buti podtyanutoy). The clothes of this cut repeat as much as possible the wigini of the body, under the new one you can put on only a thin thermal coat and a fitted fleece jacket.
- Great kriy universal. Vin allows you to put on thermobilism and another, larger ball, which insulates. In clothes of the same clothes, it is comfortable to spend a three-hour hour, wine is not shackled. Suitable for hiking, walking and other non-intensive activities.
- Vilniy kriy modeled specially to win the minds of the unsettled climate. Under such a dress, you can dress up a number of balls, which are insulated. Won to inspire people not with an ideal status. Ale smut is recognized for a free cut - a victory for an hour of expeditions, trippy hikes and inactive sports.
Mustache is subtle in details. An important moment when choosing
Membrane clothing is a kind of eye for textile manufacturing. Vaughn does not tolerate crooked rows and filthy fittings. Ale for її garnoї functionality needed "nadіyny teel".
On scho win respect for the hour of choice. On the butt of the jacket The North Face Men Tethian jacket
Seam sealing
If the sewing head is stuck at the fabric, open it. And if no one has any respect for them, then in the membrane, through qi, you can open the water. To fix this defect, the seams are sealed in all models, tobto. the animal is glued with a special line.
ventilation
Under an hour of active movement, the body warms up quickly. In order to most effectively remove the heat (steam) that has been established, the virobniks provide additional ventilation. On the jackets in the area of pavv, and on the trousers of the vzdovzh of the inner seam, there are gleams. In addition to the role of additional ventilation, an additional intestinal tract may appear, yak, vtіm, or even more so in lighter models.
Hood
The upper part of the jacket is one of the most important parts of the entire membrane complex. Here the zakhist maє trimati hood. For ruhu in normal weather minds, go for models with a simple cut. The stench rushes into the dead wood and the snowfall. Under the hour of extreme hikes and mountain hikes, the hood is guilty of good lie down to sholom. For this you give a foldable form and transfer the sprat regulation.
Bliskavka
Fittings in the membrane dressing are of the highest quality. Irrespective of those who, in the glare of teeth, lie as close as possible one to one, in the minds of a strong board, the stench can become irritating. For a budgetary ode, for a dodatkovo zakhist, glimmers of fabric are worn under the lanka. In the most current and most expensive models, they are coated with a special polymer. Vіn do not let the water seep through the middle, the shards of power can be її vіdshtovhuvati.
Obov'yazkovo turn over before buying all the highlights (no less than the main ones).
Remember the snakes (bіgunki) at the membrane odyas even more smoothly, so that under the hour of repair, the tightness of the seams can be broken, and you can waste your power.
Perevirte, chi zastіbati bliskavku in mittens. Like she’s hoarding fabric, put richly killed. "Gratisya" with a filthy brilliance for an hour, the scoundrels are not busy with receptionists.
Kishenі
The number of elements in the membrane smell must be handy and functional. Think over what you need in an affordable place and what you can do to help the guts of the vimog.
Higher descriptions of the features of such a brand of clothing, but not the only one
Use other additional options:
- inserts made of fleece on the inner surface of the jacket/trousers - ensure additional protection of the membrane;
- A gnuchky visor on a hood - a cover for a face in the wind, a board for snowfall;
- Snіgozakhisna spodnitsa - for those who are cold, it is not just an additional option to take up mountaineering, but one more main factor of zakhistu.
Who viroblyaє
For an hour, the choice of a membrane garment should be stopped, so that the wart should be given respect - the cost of the choice. Before the speech, you can be gloomy, and democratic. Everything is deposited in the form of "immenity" of the virobnik, the quality and the type of membrane, the characteristics of the upper ball of fabric are thin.
Find such clothes:
- The North Face is an American brand widely known to the whole world. The retailers of the company took their part in the perfect Gore-Tex membrane. One of the main directions is clothing for mountaineering. Ninі at the list of produktsії firms practically the whole arsenal of speeches for sports and tourism.
- Marmot is a pivnіchnoamericanskoy company with dosvіdom work for over 50 years. Release clothes from the PreCip membrane.
- Black Yak - a company originally from Korea, vpevneno occupies key positions not only in the market of Asia, but also in the whole world. The main straight line is clothing for mountaineering.
- Arcteryx is a Canadian brand well known to all extreme athletes. The firm may have a good record of work, declared to itself even in the last century that it is impressed to enter the market.
- Norrona is a European brand that was the first to launch a jacket with a membrane on a Gore-Tex chest. One of the most famous companies in Scandinavia.
- Decathlon is a French collection of budget sportswear. The models are easy to pick up the available classifications. Before going to sales, we must test, so the buyer can be as good as the product. The price of a membrane garment from Decathlon is one of the most democratic.
How to wear correctly
Membrane clothing conveys the presence of allies. For the cob right. There may be evidence of the appearance of physical ambition. As a matter of fact, thermobilism is badly coped with by the appearance of the vologists, the robot of the attacking balls is also under the threat.
Another ball of clothing - it is also insulating - is guilty of pracsyuvati in one connection with thermobilization and membrane clothing. Choose a fleece jacket, a jumper according to the temperature regime. Pull on, if necessary, not one, but 2-3 balls (). And the membranous dress itself is final, 3 lanka at the embroidered complex.
Remember: only good thoughts don't cover a set of clothes with a deep wound when speeches are carried through a membrane. If you see the cold, or if you feel too hot, try to change the thermobilism or another ball.
Having bought a membrane garment, obov'yazkovo. So you continue the term of the service of speeches and by yourself you minimize one of the main shortcomings of the membrane - the road and the shortcomings.
Membrane clothes may be like a large number of their relatives, so quiet, who does not know it and trusts the sound speeches. The first ones are always up to date with new products, and others will be lured by vibrators with cicabric cuts, with bright words and inspire promotional propositions. So, this kind of clothes gradually conquers its own place in the market, in our wardrobes, and it’s better to work more, even if it’s not terrible fashion trends, global warming and more weather in the booth.
The outer clitin is covered with a plasma membrane (or the outer clitin membrane) is close to 6-10nm.
The clitin membrane is essential for proteins and lipids (mainly phospholipids). The lipid molecules are arranged in order - perpendicularly to the surface, in two balls, so that their parts, which intensively interact with water (hydrophilic), are directly named, and the parts that are inert to water (hydrophobic) are in the middle.
The protein molecules are spread by a non-continuous ball on the surface of the lipid scaffold on both sides. A part of them is zanuren in a lipidny ball, and the deaks pass through it through, utvoryuyuchi dіlyanki, scho to penetrate for water. Number of proteins perform different functions - some of them are enzymes, others - transport proteins, which take part in the transfer of certain speech from the navel medium to the cytoplasm and directly to the bloodstream.
Main functions of the cellular membrane
One of the main powers of biological membranes is vibration penetration- some speeches pass through them importantly, otherwise it is easy to induce a higher concentration in the middle. For K ions, a characteristic spontaneity is characteristic: their concentration is in the middle of the cell of the body, lower ranks. To that, ion Na must be allowed to penetrate the cell, and ion K - to enter the name. The increase in the concentration of these ions in the passage is the presence of a special system in the membrane, which plays the role of a pump, which pumps the Na ions from the cells and simultaneously pumps the K ions into the middle.
The fermentation of Na ions before moving the sound vicorist for the transport of sugars and amino acids into the middle of the cell. With active excretion of Na ions from cells, urine is created for the supply of glucose and amino acids in the middle.
In bagatioh clitins, slurring of speech is also a path to phagocytosis and pinocytosis. At phagocytosis the gnuka zvnіshnya membrane utvoriє small zagleylennya, where the particle is squandered, scho phoplyuєєє. The death is increased, and it is sharpened by a dilyanka of the outer membrane, partly burrows into the cytoplasm of the clitin. The manifestation of phagocytosis is dominated by amoeba and some of the simplest, as well as leukocytes (phagocytes). Similarly, it is necessary to honor the clitins of the natives in order to avenge the necessary clitins of the speech. The whole thing was named pinocytosis.
Zovnіshnі membranes rіznіh kіtin suttєvо vіrіznyayutsya both for the chemical storage of their proteins and lipіdіv, and for їх vіdnosnym zmіst. The very same features signify the difference in the physiological activity of the membranes of various clitins and their role in the life of clitin and tissues.
The endoplasmic mesh of the clitinum is tied with an outer membrane. With the help of the same membranes, there are different types of intercellular contacts, tobto. zvyazok mizh okremi clitinami.
For rich types of clitin, the appearance on the outer surface of a large number of protrusions, folds, microvilli is characteristic. The stench spriyat as a significant increase in the area of the surface of the clitin and the reduced exchange of speeches, so and more mіtsnim zv'yazkam okremy clitin one by one.
In growing clitins, there are cellular membranes, which are well remembered in an optical microscope of the husk, which are made up of cellular tissue (cellulose). The stench makes the stone support for growing fabrics (wood).
The deyakі clitiny of the creature's journey can also be low-level structures, which are located on top of the clitinous membrane and may have a stale character. Butt mozhe buti khіtin pokrivnyh clitin coma.
Functions of the cellular membrane (briefly)
Function | Description |
---|---|
zahisny bar'єr | Restoring the internal organelles of the clitinis from the outer middle. |
Regulating | Zdijsnyuє regulation of the exchange of speeches between the internal clitin and the ovnishnim medium |
Separation (compartmentalization) | Podіl vnutr_shny open spaces clitiny on independent blocks (compartments) |
Energetic | - accumulation and transformation of energy; - light reactions to photosynthesis in chloroplasts; - Exposing that secretion. |
Receptor (informational) | Take part in the formation of an awakening and yoga. |
Dvigun | Zdіysnyuє ruh kіtini chi okremih її parts. |
The word "membrane" is old-fashioned and means "reinforcement". For a long time, it stagnated in everyday and biological sensations. At the world development of science the term has a physical, chemical, technical meaning. Narazі membrane technologies vikorivuyutsya in light craftsmanship for the production of clothes.
One of the main functions of clothes is zahisna. The introduction of membranes at the storage of textiles allows the introduction of water vapor, preventing it from falling into the middle of the water, wind, wood, snow.
Fabric membrane: see, dominion
The membrane is called water-drying and waterproofing, as if building a water vapor pass through. The fabric membrane becomes less than the upper ball of the winter clothes, so the lower ball becomes dry. In a similar dress, the skin can go wild, but it just shows the name.
Working principle of non-porous membrane: The water vapors eat through the middle of the fabric, then the diffusion process starts, the stench moves smoothly around the outside ball. Won to serve for a long time, but a special watch is not needed. Sometimes you can get away, for example, a winter suit with a non-porous membrane gets wet, but it’s an illusion, but it’s described more vipari.
Perevaga non-porous membranes: long-lasting, not overlooking a dbayly sight, well practiced in a wide range of temperatures. Such membranes sound vicorous at the top coats of the leading manufacturers of sports clothing.
Nedoliki non-porous membranes: the back of the head can get out, so that the fibers get wet, but at the same time, vipari, as they accumulate on the inner part of the fiber. so they stink more "dihati" more, but expensive poreless membranes, sometimes behind the authorities, who breathe, turn the pores.
Pore membrane covered. tse membrane, yakі pratsyyut for this principle: droplets of water, like a drop on the membrane tissue of the ring, can not pass through the pores of the membrane in the middle, the shards of this pore are too small. Molecules of the bet, which are settled, if a person sweats, from the inner part of the membrane tissue, they can be easily removed through the pores of the membrane. As a result, the water impermeability of the membrane tissue of the cell wall and the breathability (steam) power in the middle of the cell is taken into account.
Perevaga pore membranes: stench is fast to repair “dihati”, to create vipari, as if the body is to be seen to be petrified (be aware that there is a difference in the partial grip of water vapor in the middle of that liner of the jacket. tobto, if it is a destructive force).
Nedolikiporous membranes: the membranes should be reduced to the bottom and quickly come to inapplicability, so that it loses its main power. The pores of the membranes are clogged, which greatly reduces the power, which is to die. With the wrong prana, the membrane river can lose its power.
Membrane fabric in a combined lookup to the category of high-tech fabrics, victorious covering two types (porously and without porosity). Similar fabrics have shortfalls, shards have a warehouse for one sack of sight.
Combined jacket fabric: from the inner side, the material is topped with a porous membrane, on top of it - more covered: polyurethane non-porous plіvka. Tsya fabric in itself podnuє all the advantages of non-porous and pore membranes, while having unique minuses, it’s insanely “two in one”. When it comes to high technology, it is expensive to pay. For this reason, firms infrequently vicorist given material in virobs.The combination of the membrane is a technological achievement and a fabric road.
Membrane fabrics are also divided according to the type of construction: two, two and a half, three balls.
Double ball membrane fabrics
Dvosharova tkankina - tse tkanyna z kakoi vygotovlyayut speeches, frontally applied on it from the vivoritny side of the membrane smelting. Sob the membrane, as if perebuvati from the vivoritny side of the viroba, did not look up and did not ushkozhuvala, in such speeches it is always a lining, as if it were safe from the shkidlivih swells.
Two-W-Half Ball Membrane Fabric
"Two-for-half" ball membrane fabric is the ideal solution for those who want to shorten the load of the backpack to a minimum. Such words are broken from two-ball fabrics, and instead of a lining or a knitted mesh, the membrane is protected by knitted puffs, as if they significantly change the robe.
Triball membranes
Trisharov fabric in the middle is guessing the fabric with a fine mesh and it’s not surprising, even trisharov fabric - all three elements (fabric virobu + membrane + knitted mesh), like z'ednani at once for additional laminating. In this way, the mesh loses the function of the lining, so it takes the membrane out of the way and confusion. Obviously, the lining is no longer needed, which means that it will significantly shorten the vag and the contraction of the fibers from the trispheric membrane, while their functionality does not suffer from the same rank.
Water-resistance is measured in millimeters of water stomp and is determined by what kind of pressure it is possible to vitrimat the material without leakage. Membranes with water resistance of 7000 mm are impenetrable for wood, no matter how strong. However, most high-class membranes can be water resistant at 15, 20 and 40 thousand. mm.
It is connected not only with the persecution of virobniks for great numbers. Trying to guarantee the water resistance of their materials, weeders turn on any risks of leakage for intense victoriousness of their products in extreme minds.
More important than today's membranes, navit inexpensive, just impenetrable for the body, no matter how strong. Therefore, put your respect on this parameter and chase after high water resistance, not varto, think about membrane clothing, what to bathe in, do not pass victoria in extreme weather minds - lingering boards, hurricane winds, strong temperature drops.
Indicators of vapor permeability in millimeters of water column.
Important for your comfort is the vapor permeability of the membrane.
Vapor permeability vyznaє, how to transport a vologer from the body of a person named. The better the vapor permeability, the less you risk getting wet in the middle of the damp sweat and the more you dry, it still happened. For this assessment, two main indicators are used, which are based on various tests:
- MVTR (moisture vapor transmitting rate) - measured in g/m²/24h, tobto. how many grams of water vapor from a building pass through itself a piece of fabric on an area of 1 m² in 24 years. The greater the value, the greater the vapor permeability of the material. In "breathing" membranes, the indicator is greater, or 20,000 g / m² / 24 years. There are few tests for the designation of MVTR, however, they model the operation of the membrane in real minds only approximately.
- RET (evaporate resistance - “opir vaporization”) is a testing technique developed and tested by Gore-Tex. It shows how strongly "relying" on the transport of water vapor is the material that is being tested. To the one with the lower RET value, the more "breathing" is the membrane. The scale is ranged from 0 to 30, de 0 - tse uncovered surface of the shkir - tobto. nothing is transcended to vipar vologi, and 30 is the whole ball of solid polyethylene - tobto. "going wild" in authority over the whole day. The most vapor permeable membranes show RET in ranges 1-6.
It's a pity that the results of the tests should not be consistent with each other - they are due both to the difference in testing methods, and to the partial disruption of the testing protocols in different laboratories. Sometimes the same piece of fabric demonstrates different indicators of vapor permeability in the same test conducted in different sampling centers.
For this reason, some manufacturers publish less than the maximum number registered in the tests, others - the results for two scales - RET and MVTR, the third - do not indicate the value of vapor permeability to the same, trying to identify incorrect pairings from products of other brands. If it is a sign of “good manners” for some, it is the introduction of a test method by a virobnik, or an explanation of why indicators of vapor permeability are not published.
What are the glued seams and the stench you need now?
DWR
DWR (Durable Water Reppelence)- Pokrittya, yak not vіdshtovhuє water, not letting їy vbiratsya at virib. Natomist water is caught on the surface at what looks like small “bags”. Such a cover is even more curly and functional, but, unfortunately, it's more undoubtful. In order to improve the life of DWR coverage, you can win special services from these coverages, as you can come to any store. One of the most popular companies in the field of DVR coatings is NIKWAX.
The seams in the robes with the membranes are glued so that the vologer does not tuck the inside of the robe like through the surface of the fabric, and th tі m_stsya, it is sewn. If you take a jacket with a membrane in your hands and write on the tag "all seams are sealed", it means that in front of you you see, in which all the seams are glued, and therefore do not let the water through and keep your body dry. Now let's take a look at the different membrane veneers and z'yasuemo, like from them, what a rank of guilt but gluing. Pochnemo z clothes from two-ball membrane fabrics. You can read two types of writing on them:
- "all seams are sealed" (all seams are glued);
- "critical seam sealing" (main seams glued).
For the first type, the stitches are switched off, for the other type, it is possible in certain places, but not obov'yazkovo. Most of the main seams are glued for local models and clothes for outdoor brands, as well as for budget lines.
Otherwise, absolutely all the speakers swear by the fact that in these high-tech and expensive speeches, all seams are due to glue. In addition, in such speeches, the number of stitches is reduced to a minimum, in order to change the vagu viroba and increase your mobility. Moreover, there are more brands that make clothes with a triball membrane, vicorous dry zipp water-resistant glitter, which allows you to tidy up the vag for the opening of the valves and the damp slats. Bliskavki zazvichayut attached zipp garage, which is like a gut for the castle bliskavki, hovaє yogo and do not allow hair to go through the middle through this small opening.
How to use membrane speech correctly?
Most of the ripples are made from membrane tissue - this is your merit. And let us try to figure out how not to use expensive and functional speech through ignorance and negligence.
There are also 10 simple rules, like a membranous speech, not allowing їх vodovіdshtovshtovvalnyh and wild power:
- Read carefully what is written on the label!
- Keep warm when reading the temperature regime on the beer, but in any case, do not use membrane speech near hot water!
- Do not wash the membrane with the finest powder, or with a mild detergent.
- Vykoristovyte for pruning only special tools for membrane fabrics, so as not to clog the pores of the fibers.
- Wash the membrane in water, if the temperature is more than 40C.
- Baghano prati from membrane fabrics manually or on a delicate mode of the washing machine.
- Vykoristovyte leakage, it will help you to continue the term of life and save your functional features.
- Vykoristovyte leaking less in pure speeches. Even if it is seepage, if it is prepared on a water basis, it can be applied on the surface either wet or dry.
- Choose a soak for that membrane, for which your clothes are prepared. Today, such manufacturers, like Grangers and Nikwax, develop permeability for various types of membrane fabrics, improving their design features.
- Remember: for early membrane fabrics, there is no universal powder, you need to choose a special one. Leakage for a sweaty chi namet is also not pіdіyde for a jacket chi pants. This is the reason to go down with the membrane and climb, for example, to converge on Mont Blanc, where you can be caught by unfriendly weather, and you will appear absolutely harmless. Take care of your membrane clothes and take care of you! ,