Nation that vihovannya child in the middle ages. How children lived in the era of the Middle Ages
An individual and society at the middle-of-the-road Zahod Gurevich Aron Yakovich
Childhood in the Middle Ages?
Childhood in the Middle Ages?
“They are peopled by individuals, they become special, they stand by individuality,” these are the words of the psychologist, which have already been suggested more, point to those who are special, a dynamic value that changes with the prolongation of a person’s life. It would have been important for him to try prostizhity, as much as possible, as similar changes were seen in the Middle Ages, as the stench was interpreted by the people of that era. At the center of our respect will be the categories of childishness, childishness and youth.
About the centuries of human life, a lot of middle-aged authors were demystified, following, as a rule, ancient zrazka, interpreting them in the soul of Christian symbolism. There were different schemes in the course, they mutually supplemented one and the same chio at the same time against each other. All these feelings were supernaturally abstract and even farther connected with real warnings. Number theories were invariably based on the symbolism of numbers.
The trinomial scheme saw the natural stages of life - growth and maturity, maturity and fall (augmentum, status, decrementum). Tsі stages established a kind of arch chi arc. Following on from Aristotle's scheme, Dante in Benquet shows that the most perfect century, if all the inner vibrancy of a person is revealed, lies between thirty and forty fates. Sooner, Pope Gregory the Great, having established a link between the centuries of people and the singing moments of the Christian liturgy. Apparently, to a broader interpretation, the three evangelical sorcerers (enchanters), as if they came to bow down to the newly-born unbelieving Jesus, symbolized the phases of human life at their side.
The order from the trinomial, bula expanded chotiric scheme. Earlier, Pythagoras was credited with a thought about the viability of the life phases of feast. Well, this thought was a rich description of the century laid the foundation for the work of the author of the XIII century, Philip Novarsky "Chotiri vіky lyudiny". In Hippocrates, that yogo successor was behind the theory, for which skin phase of life it gives rise to that other temperament (humor), which is associated with the most important characteristics of the human body (hairiness, dryness, warmth and cold). Vіdpovіdno to tsієї teorії, vіkovі characteristics poov'yazanі z pevnymi ziologicheskimi camps. At one time, a person-microcosm of the bv shіlno inclusions in the light scheme of the macrocosm, shards of chotiri for the whole of life, which are characterized by the importance of that chi іnshoy humor, give the main elements of the world (water, fire, wind, earth).
However, you can remember that leather is a static camp. The voice of these classifications strove not so much for the process of transition from one century to the next, but for the characteristics of the skin of them, which are viewed in isolation.
Biblical-Christian motifs are especially noticeable in the scheme of human life, which spire on the number 6. The world of creation lasts 6 days, the history of the human race is divided into 6 stages (from Adam to Noah, from Noah to Abraham, from Abraham to David, the day of David) is full , from the Babylonian full until the Feast of Christ and from the Feast of Christ until the end of the hour). Petro Abelar vbachav direct evidence of six days of creation of six centuries of people. Tsya viskhidna to St. To Augustine, the scheme laid an unforgettable mark on the middle thought. Mi zustrіchaєmo її from Isidore of Seville (VI-VII centuries), from the XII century - from Honorius Augustodunsky and Lambert of St. Omer, and in the XIII century - from Bartholomew of England and Vincent of Beauvais. Robert Grossetest (Great-Headed) has distanced and started to establish a link between centuries of people and a roaming yoga camp: the light of wisdom penetrates into the soul of the newly born, following the will of that mind is characteristic of becoming mature, just like old people have the reach of divine wisdom.
Obviously, the sacred number 7 could not fail to win in the schemes of the human life. They voted on the symbolic significance of the number 7 to the number of planets, seven stars, which signify the change of feast of fate, seven garlic and seven sins, seven tones of Gregorian chant, nareshti, seven centuries of people: nemovlya (puerulus) up to 7 years, child (ruer) - up to 14 rokiv, pіdlіtok (adolescens) - up to 21 roki, yunak (iuvenus) - up to 35 roki, person (vir) - up to 49 roki, summer (senior) - up to 63 roki and old (senex) - up to 98 roki. Following Ptolemy, the authors, starting from the 12th century, finished looking, for some environments of the planet, they add the life of people from different stages.
From the new symbolic interpretations introduced to the Piznim Serednyovichchiam, one can signify respect for parallelism between twelve months of age and other periods of life. Apparently, until the sing of “The Image of the Twelve Months” (“Les Douze mois figurez”, XIV century), the time of the year is the sixfold period of life, and the last cycle is present 72 years.
I am reassured: all the schemes of the human age did not seem to be so wary of the real overrun of human life, the skils came out of the abstract scholastic layouts. The stench did not protect the mental characteristics of an individual at different stages of his life and, zocrema, did not give special respect to the specifics of a child's age 1 . Cі naturalistic theories, declined in Antiquity, were changed in the Middle Ages in the soul of the history of Salvation.
The spiritual world of a person in the images of middle-aged authors is unruly and discrete. At the center of their respect, it is not the evolution of character that leads to the worst destruction, but the succession of centuries of camps, which dare not show themselves among themselves. To that, before speech, in biographies and rudimentary autobiographies written in that era, childishness, for rare vindications, such as the Bula “De vita sua” by Guibert of Nozhansky (about it, the report will be discussed below), it is ignored.
Vtіm, let's admonish the authors of the others' zagalnennya, dictated, if only often, by life's warnings. In the preaching of Julian from Vezelay it is read: “Childhood is followed by youth, sensitive and indiscipline age, slender to contentment, if you know that the honesty of the important is inaccessible. The heat of the other ones torments my soul, and as if I feel like I’m going into the soul, it becomes an accumulation of evil vices. /Adolescence/ to the nest, it doesn’t listen to the mind, it’s not happy, but it’s more shy to the bottom of the least calm, it’s fluffy and windy. Today you want one thing, tomorrow another, love today, hate tomorrow” 2 .
Such a bula theory, but what do we know about practice? High nationality accompanied the birth of a child with mortality. From the autobiographical notes of the German lyricist Michel von Eyenheim (late 16th century), it is clear that five of nine children died in childhood, after 10 years, 13 days, 13 days and r_k (two) after the people. On the family portraits of this period, there are often images of the head of the family in sculpted children, right-handed - alive, left - dead, and the rest of the hour is numerically superior 3 .
The causes of high mortality were believed to be in the presence of hygienic minds, lack of care for life, which is often called out by savory material minds and partial hunger. The middle trivality of life was lost in that low epoch, and death was closely known to the middle-class people. In other rich families of new peoples, they instantly become a tractor, and childishness, especially early Middle Ages, buv rіdkіstyu. On the Scandinavian Pivnoch, the pagan sound of the "blame" of children, so that they will leave them far away from home to death, having saved a good hour to bring after the adoption of Christianity. The sick and the weak did not cry for death, especially the girls. The child forfeited the right to іsnuvannya only after that, as the father klav її to his knees and drenched his cholo with water.
The childhood was remarkably short, and the child reached the world of grown-ups early. When tsimu often-dense yogo vіdrivali vіd batkіv. At Nimtsіv buv extensions, call the child to vihovannya in someone else's family. Tsej zvichay buv zumovleniya pragnennyam establish and pіdtrimuvati amicable and allied zv'yazki m_zh patrimonial groups and families. Similar waters were formed for us in front of the middle nobility.
Such sounds became characteristic of the advancing period. Sin of the face of the zmalku turning into our own person's family in order to get the skills necessary for the warrior of a noble journey. Vіdnosini mіzh vyhovanetsі і vyhovatem often bіlsh tіsnimi, nіzh stosunki mіzh synom i batkom. The rich children of both articles were given to the monastery, tsim shaving their homeland links with their family; we stood in front of quiet blues, as if they could not afford to take away the father’s estate (the feud was not crushed and transferred to the elder synov), and daughters without a dowry.
The children were also given to be woken up at the Moscow center. The son of a craftsman was timid to learn (actually a servant) from another master. Even more often wine was subjected to heavy exploitation and filthy occasion. Deyakі guild statutes majstra specially goiter "simply" treat the students and if you beat them, it's not on the head 4 .
Child was not the center of family life. Yogo camp in sim'ї at rich vipadkah was marked by lack of rights, yogo's lives and death were properly ordered by the father. F. Arjes characterizes the middle-class civilization as a “civilization of the grown-ups” 5 . Definitely, the child did not accept it as a stupor, which had a specific psyche and, obviously, required a special setting for itself, - in a new shvidshe they drank a little grown-up. As if venerating the Icelandic sagas, the boys, who were young, often showed up to avenge their murdered fathers (the authors of the sagas may even ignore the girls). The act of blood vengeance was accepted by the relatives as an act of blood vengeance, as if it were an initiation, as if it promoted the status of a person, as if it was a good revenge for the Killed, she took care of the mass povaga.
The child did not look grown-up with her clothes, she was more tailored for her growth. As yelling at the works of art, the artists failed to adequately depict the child's individual, and at the same time again remind about the existence of interest to the point of childishness. According to Ar's thought, pedagogy is not typical for the Serednyovitch, as the child's psychological specialty. The statement of these facts spurred some historians to grow visnovoks, but in the Middle Ages there was no Batkiv kokhanny. Ar'єs vkazuє those, scho skіlki chіlki nekhtuvali і not occupied її її specially її vyhovannyam, then, of course, before her did not zastosovuvalis і suvorі pedagogіchnі come, yakі utverzhdatsya pіznіshe, іn the hour її osvіti. In the mind of Ar'jes, the child in the middle age grew up like a wild animal and did not recognize neither tidying nor wriggling.
Blame the power: on the scales of priming and perekonlivі podіbnі hardening? From one side, the visnovki of Ar'jes can be sung by themselves, from the other side - it is unlikely that they can be absolutized. The nutrition and teaching of bagatoria were discussed by the middle church, and by the year and by the secular authors, which is quite natural, so take to respect the post-ynu didactic directing of theology and literature 6 . However, at the same time, it is necessary to believe that Christian didactics did not stand for a few specially children, but for all believers: it was based on a turbota about the salvation of the soul and the support of the sinful strengths of the people. In this whole context, the behavior of children was seen.
The establishment of the Christian church before them was twofold. From one side, on the child, lies the signet of original sin: thus, in the decrees of the Aachen Cathedral of 816, the childhood is called “the age of dissolution and schile to sin,” and this postulate is changed from the new age until the sight of the childhood of St. Augustine and Gregory the Great 7 . On the other hand, the Church Fathers affirmed the innocence and purity of the soul of the child, relying on the words of Christ: “If you do not become beastly and you will not be like a child, you will not go away until the Kingdom of Heaven” (Matt. 18:3). In the "Etymologies" of Isidore of Seville, the term "puer" glooms like a pueritas (purity). In the early middle-aged literary and image-creating monuments, the theme is often blamed on the innocently beaten nemovlyat - the victims of King Herod; On the 28th of the breast, the day of the innocently killed is not remembered, and at the beginning of the XI-XII century, they often “knew” their relics 8.
Archaeologists have revealed a child buried, which lies until the Carolingian hour. Some household items and toys were found near the graves. Quite often the graves of children were roztashovani in direct proximity to the dwelling. Those who are so buried become part of the VIII-X centuries, D. Alexander-Bidon pov'yazuє z glibshoy christianization of the population of Gaul 9 . Church morality already early in the middle of the Middle Ages tried to bring to Suvor the clarity of the family's barbaric new elements, which is necessary for the religious development.
After the firmness of Aryas, there was little evidence of the fact that middle-class people did not allow almost love and pretentiousness to their children, that they were talking about them and were engaged in their vihovanni. In the 9th century, the leaves of the Frankish noble woman Duodi were saved, in which they whistled motherly turbot about her son, who lives in a foreign land 10. The expansion of the literary genre “mirrors” (specula): the father instructs his son in every possible way, giving him a variety of tales for the sake of, dorimuyuchis such that you can get away with a lot of pardons and negativity. Sound - tse royal "mirrors"; however, as a rule, the Batkivs'kyi should not be addressed to individuals and may aggravate the character. Such, zokrema, and tvir of Abelard, which is to avenge the march of the son of the Astrolabe.
Naturally, the nayavnyh dzherelakh saved less information about the sons of the fathers and the children of the common people. Prote so kazіvki іnоdі tezh traplyayutsya. Vіdomі vipadki, if mother diligently dbali about the survival of their kvolih do not say, go ahead to the magical benefits. The French inquisitor Etienne de Bourbon (middle of the 13th century), having sealed the certificate of the peasant cult of St. Gіnefora, who appeared like a hort of a dog. On the grave of this “holy” village woman from the masses near Lyon, they brought their ailments of the newly born healers 11 .
In the protocols of the Inquisition, the representatives of this, investigating the lies of the Albigensians, nourished the population of the Pyrenean village of Montaillou on the cob of the XIV century, saved a lot of mothers talking about their children: the stinks were grieving their sickness death. It is especially tragic to sound the roses of mothers, as if they were guilty of reconciliation with the power of the people-cathars: manishes, as if they took the earthly light like a devilish child, in their own way they bazhal good to their children, more, allowing for the death of the hedgehogs themselves, about the most visible soul of a child in sinful flesh. For mothers, who were not so fanatical for an hour, gazing at a dying child was unbearable, and the stench of heartache told the inquisitors about their experience 12.
In this period, for a number of authors, the problem of child care has become of greater significance than before. The traditions of the interpretation of the childishness, which before that had taken on a deuce of distinction, were one and the same - ancient, early Christian, barbarian, and the one that spiraled on the face of the ethos - now they are approaching and intertwining. Let's show Pylyp Novarsky's twirl to whom we have a vision. Wanting to win and declare that I’ll be my own god for the sake of children living with special evidence (“To the one who wrote it, he sang 60 years”, and, having recognized a lot of things, you feel the need to learn to be more important for the Russians) 13 moral-religious sententiousness of Vin podіlyaє the point of dawn, scho to go down to Augustine, zgіdno z such a little child - іstota, scho on the back of the curse of the original sin, and to that, that filthy vchinkіv is invincible to the point of insubordination. Remain vimahayut in the face of the father's suvorost and suvorost, and Pylyp Novarsky vociferously in the jubilant role of punishment. The turmoil of victors can be brought to the point where, having reached the singing age, people become stagnant in wicked graces. The author appeals to exemplum extensions, which tells about a young person who is addicted to stealing. In front of the stratum, to the point of suing him for stealing the stolen money, the young man asked to say goodbye to his father, exchanging the rest of the kiss. Natomist vіn vіdkusiv yoma nіs. Vin explained to the court that in such a way the father was “rewarding” for messing with yoga, we’ll despise him: he didn’t give a damn about yoga and without imposing a serious significance on inappropriate behavior 14 .
Look at Pylyp of Novarsky, we are becoming pierced by the spirit: on this thought, the son of a face needs to be raised otherwise, the son of a commoner. I recommend you to start early education of a child to a profession, which confirms his status. At the same time, the appointment is given to the tutors of boys and girls 15 . Filip, naturally, gives a palm tree to the children of a human being, just like girls, on the same thought, next to get ready for a ship and before the stench was rebuked in the order of a human being. “Childhood is the foundation of life,” write Pylyp Novarsky, “and only on a good basis can one build a great and good life” 16 . For whom it is necessary to prudently practice.
In one of the sermons, the German Franciscan Bertolt Regensburzkiy (XIII century), at his side, rozmirkovuє about batkіvskі turboti 17 i, zokrema, put food, why in the families of rich people children often fall ill and die earlier, Like a cauldron of a cauldron with a hedgehog, to stand in the middle, vin it seems, that from an overturned cauldron a yushka turns and extinguishes the fire. For rich and noble families, it often happens that different relatives are stupidly and overly often stuffed with dumbness, after which one is sick and can die; bіdnі Well people yearn for children pomirkovano. Vіm, mіrkuvannya about the well-being of the children of the poor are left on the conscience of the preacher, for hunger and malnutrition were a common occurrence.
The people of Serednyovichcha spoke about their children in their own way, but far from being a harlot, they always took the praises of the church. It’s like crying out or not less promotional speeches in the life of Otlokh, Abelard, Bernard and other spiritual principles, the most moral meta of a Christian is love for God, and the graciousness of children to fathers, and fathers to children is not guilty of super-chitty of these commandments. Acceptance of the chernets' house until the opening of native ties. Lyudina, in order to multiply your riches in every possible way, not raking in excesses in other ways that are not praised by the church, you can save the souls of your children and far-off gratifications, as they took away this sinful recession. It was necessary to dbati not so much about the physical health of the child, as about the soul. The notes of the Florentine merchant Giovanni Morelli (ear of the 15th century) have supersonic hostile sides, consecrated to his first name, early deceased son Alberto, who was the son of the younger brother and who died in childhood. Morelli reportedly describes the agony of a child. As a Christian, it is especially tormenting for those who are guilty, spodivayuchis on a miracle, on those who are alive and do not leave this world, until the last moment, having taken communion, without any, Alberto died. It was important that, having not accepted sin, the soul of a child could not gain access to paradise. For the knowledge of Morelli, who stretched out the fate after the death of the son, he was tormented by the thought of those that the soul of an innocent lad drank in hell. Only across the river, day after day after the death of the child, Morelli was sent a vision, for whom it screamed that the Lord had mercy, and Alberto took off the release of sin. The walls are pierced with deep father's kohanny, the slyness of Jovanna and his team to the little boy, who stinks so tragically and timchasovo spent 18 .
It was not possible for sinless ignorance, for the sake of those reconciliations, to gain access to the Kingdom of Heaven, as if it had not been baptized. Obviously fear, crying out to the battles, that new people can die without a baptism, buv wide extensions. Often they tried to turn into the whole world, but without a breath, they didn’t think, so that they could brush it with holy water. In fact, hell was already roiling over the corpse of a child.
In the middle literature, you can find information about conflicts between fathers and children. At the center of the planted forest of the German poem by Werner the Sadovnik "Majer Helmbrecht" (XIII century) - a tragic rally between a good peasant and a son, who has decided to rise and become a face, to bring to death his temples. Didactic “applied” (exempla) of the same hour repeatedly vismіyuyut and sue the blues, like nasty things to do with their old fathers, instructing them in odjazі and їzhі navit pіddayuchi їh beatings 19 . Boccaccio considers the splintering of the mutual favoritism of children and fathers as inhumane and fatal ruining of the foundations of life: in the middle of the 14th century, the plague broke out in the middle of the XIV century;
Let's repeat: childishness in Serednyovichchi did not last long. Child zmalku prikolalas to the life of grown-ups, began pratsyuvati, or began to learn face-to-face occupations. Those who shove yoga early in the world, could not but put a blow on his psyche. The morals of the mind were such that the children could be witnesses of the sexual life of the fathers (the motherland often slept in one bed). Children were not spared by the sights of zhorstok public strata. Already, it is clear to the early child that the child carried the same criminal liability for the offense of law, until death. Often, by the will of the fathers, the hats were laid between the children, the state of maturation of which was not yet completed (the canonical age of the hat for girls - 12 years, for boys - 14 years). This was especially characteristic of the crowned nobles and great nobility, the representatives of those who were famous for being famous in the unions of their middle class and did not take to the respect of the special prestige and respect of children, they took the slub. Initiation into the face was after the attainment of 15 years, although until the last century there was still no physical strength sufficient for the free volodin to break and wear important possessions 20.
Only an insignificant part of the population spoke about the enlightenment of their children. No faces, respectful of the military occupations, no villagers and other handicraftsmen, drenched in everyday practice, were focused on the book. The child otrimuval its knowledge of the most important not in the form of a school teacher, but directly from life, from folklore and voices. There was something else in the midst of merchants, as a result of the peculiarities of their profession, they talked about those who were able to read and write and knew arithmetic. The school became less progressively wider than ever, even though the majority of the population, especially the rural one, was left illiterate until the end of the Middle Ages 21 .
The French abbot Guibert Nozhansky, in opposition to other authors of "autobiographical" works, who did not say anything about their childishness, reports on the new sounding and rozpovida, zokrema, about the teacher hired by yoga mother: he loves yoga and "z kohannya, zhorstoko caravan" wanting Gwiber, from the children of appointments to the clergy, being even more diligent at the vchenni.
Three different butts could be interchanged, that childishness was interpreted in Serednyovichchi in a super-speechful manner. Some authors ignore it, but others are not able to bypass it and inspire specific caution in the building, not making life easier. Obviously, the installations of a child were twofold. From one side, in a new one, they succumbed to stotu, as if it were still necessary to “civilize”, bending into a dashing cob. From the other side, the soul of a child was considered as less covered with sins, and to that, for example, for children at the hour of a summative childish crusade campaign (1212) they laid ti nadії on the sound of the Holy Sepulcher, as if not in the sky they were truly grown up 22.
In another period, the Middle Ages begin to re-evaluate the childishness. Zokrema, її you can join the hardened cult of Christ-Nemovlja. In the life literature, there is a statement about sancta infantia - the saint from the very childhood, but even in the womb of the mother, it reveals its own guilt as a God’s rebuke (Zokrema, the future saints to fast, inspired by the singing of the day in the reception of mother’s milk). Puer senex - a child, as if the people had the wisdom of an old man, - such is one of the widest hagiographic topoi 23 .
In this way, in spite of the diversity and viability of reports about childishness, which are found in middle-aged dzherelah, there are no daily bases for hardening, nibito this whole stage of human life is ignored, or otrimuvav socially negative. Ar'yes, no doubt, deserves the merit of staging the nourishment of the childishness of the quiet picture of the world of the people of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the New Hour. Unsurprisingly, the book “Child and family life under the Old Order”, first published in 1960, gave rise to a lively discussion among historians and raised their attention to this problem, the fact of which cannot be doubtful. The second on the right is the flashy inducement of that historian's visnovki. Like in his own way no less than the famous acclaimed “A Man in the Face of Death”, in which he sees the opposite pole of human life, Ar’s pays a lot of respect, but at the same time, unfortunately, he couldn’t confirm it with a scrupulous analysis. Reality, like a spriynyattya and an assessment of a childishness, were rich in plan and navіt superbly. Here I would like to recreate: childishness and youth with their peculiarities did not hang over the eyes of the people of the middle epoch. Spirituals and laymen, moralists and theologians, legislators and preachers, during the hour of their mirkuvan, often hung around those children. Ale, ring out, the stench of the skhilni bachiti at the new connected and original life process, which again turned us to thinking about how the Serednyovichchi was convinced of specialness and individuality.
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Archaeologists more and more often put food, far from prehistoric epochs. How did they live, how did they get sick and why did children die in Europe in the middle ages? How much better stench lived after the completion of the "barbarian" Serednyovichchya and the arrival of the illuminated New Hour? How to take the information about the life and death of children from the okremih tenditnyh brushes, spreading across the majestic territories? Rebecca Gowland, a British bioarchaeologist, fahivets from the remains of that grave, is cited as a source of information.
When childishness ends
If children wanted to grow up to 45 to 65 years of more ancient suspensions (until the 19th-20th centuries), for historians, zocrema, archaeologists, the world is still filled with a blind flame. The young members of the sspіlstva sing for the relief of their spaces, social fringes and expanded material culture. It is important to note that in the Middle Ages, childishness was not respected by the period of special turbulence about the child, who is healthy and developed.
In addition, the biological century has long been spivvіdnosivsya with the social not so, like at once. For example, under the laws of the church and the state, the child ate from 10-11 years old, worked as a submaster from seven or eight years old, and at 14 years old she was fully grown.
Ale tse zovnіshni framework. As for the internal christening of the childishness, then the first stage of yogo tying with the breasts, the other - with an independent thunder in the booth near the yard, as well as with the basic vihovennias (the hearing of the fathers, the Christian commandments, the mystic sound of the norm). Approximately from six years of age, middle-aged children began to contact the world of grown-ups: the lads dressed up and behaved differently, lower girls, they were supposed to have more domestic shoes.
Navit igri became more mature and suvorim: beats wall on wall, wrestling, brushes and checks. Approximately the same lads were allowed to take part in the watering, and they wanted to hunt for the vine, shooting from the bow. Literacy, no longer seeming about other sciences, few people learned: for most children, and especially girls, illuminating the craft of fathers and other relatives.
However, they took from the boats at the Serednyovichchi to dosit pizno - at 16-20 years (early boats, from 12 years, were allowed, but they were not boasted by the church). The very old age of friendship, especially among people, having created too violent youth, like a non-abyak, added violence to the middle-class suspense.
I talk about death
Numerous ills accompanied children from the people. Even if the stench did not die at half an hour and in the first months of life (such was the proportion of four to a third of all children), then they were predicted to die from the air or from injuries. And yet, sleepiness does not sway galmuvalo growth (deficiency of sony light caused rickets).
At the village houses there was a kіlka kіmnat and here - a place for thinness. Soyno children got up on their feet, having sharply increased the risk of taking away the injury. They kicked bagatyoh, bitten and trampled on domestic creatures. As a witness to the coroners and the lives of the saints, most of the children perished in the air, opium in the okrop, falling from the heights and drowning (other causes, as well as the place of death are indicated on the diagram).
Ale middle-aged letters dzherel fragmentary and unadulterated. In searches of more serious data, veins turn up to paleopathology - the occurrence of injuries and ailments of ancient people behind their remains. And the brushes of children - in fact, the remains of lifeless, not old enough to reach maturity - can tell a little about the health of mothers, the practice of obstetrics, and breastfeeding, and children's ailments.
Paleopathologists are stuck with a lot of problems, sometimes inseparable. Some lesions of the cystic tissue are caused by various ailments - for example, tendinous and spongy tissue due to rickets, anemia, as well as vitamin C deficiency. Until the present time, it is impossible to unequivocally destroy the skeletons of boys and girls. Nareshti, re-exploration of organic speeches in children's bones will soon be laid out in the ground. Vchenim, yakі pratsyut іz surpluses, scho saved up to this day, be brought to the edge with cherries about ailments and mortality.
Black death helped
In order to establish significant patterns, Gowland and her colleagues tried to collect as many data as possible about the remains of children in England, Scotland and Wales for 1000-1700 years. From the articles and dopovіdah of archeologists, as well as from the data bases, information was collected about 4647 burials - from rural and mіsk tsvintarіv, monasteries, parish churches.
The skeletons were divided into three age groups, which adequately reflect the middle age between children, youth and youth: from people to five years, from six to 11, and from 11 to 16 years. Irrespective of the dominance of monastic (characteristic of all versions of the sospіlstva) and mіsk burrows (through those that most excavations are carried out in places at once), archaeologists are impressed that they were able to take a good picture. The stench was given special respect to pathologies, which are the best way to improve the mind of people: scurvy, rickets, osteomyelitis, osteochondrosis, tuberculosis, syphilis, fractures and skull injuries, periodontal disease and other diseases. Archaeologists have estimated the breadth of these other pathologies, as well as the average number of ailments (through injuries, infectious and other ailments) in different centuries.
Image: public domain
Contrary to stereotypes, children did not die in agony (otherwise, they did not boast of enviable health) all the Middle Ages - mortality and ill health were constantly changing, fallow in historical processes. From the 12th to the 14th centuries, the sickness and important life on the bones became more and more - the population of the krai (that and us єї ї evropi) grew, їzhі did not hang out, and epidemics were saved in overpopulated places and places. The worst was in the first half of the 14th century, when a series of neurosurges (“Great Famine”) reached the tsikh bіd.
The protéchorna death (which was more than a third of the European plague epidemic) paradoxically corrected the camp: the real incomes of adults grew up, unemployment fell for a rich ten years, and that food shortage was gone from the past. The camp of kіstok (tobto zdorov'ya їhnіkh volodarіv) at 1350-1500 rocky is completely stable, unaffected by all the misfortune of the Hundred's war and the hromada conflict ("Vіyni Chervonoy and Beloї Troyandi"). Otzhe, the climate and economic stability are more likely to contribute to the life of the population, and also the suspile-political upheavals!
The pacified land and the wise tax-paying policy of Henry VII brought the kingdom to prosperity: high incomes, rich crops, generous donations for the melancholy of the poor, low land rent. Illness to the minimum - in the middle of the grown-ups, and in the middle of the children.
Deadly Reformation
However, after 1540 the number of sick and early dead children increased sharply. Vcheni bachat only one reason: the Reformation. For all the progression of the church policy of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I - the creation of the national church and the English service, the promotion of literacy and the religious activity of the population - the reform caused a strong blow to the goodness of the church.
In Serednyovichchi itself, the Catholic Church actually vindicated the population for the social defense of the population - the English king did not see any laws on this topic. Material assistance to the poor and those ill was voted on by the obov'yazkovoy mental order in the hell after death. In 1500, five thousand people, who lived beyond the boundary of vigilance, survived only with the help of church alms. Bids were rejoiced in the monasteries' liquoreries, and orphans were beaten for them.
All these unfriendly processes did not affect the health of children. In the middle, there are often no fluctuations in rickets - perhaps, through those who were maddened by the strength of the mothers, they used to tell them (to wear on your own in the field). In children of 6-11 years of age, there is a stronger growth of cartilaginous cysts - a sign of more frequent injuries caused by the need for treatment from the early age. In older people, in the 16th century, the nature of injuries became the same as in grown-ups: another indicator of the need to practice without a reduction for a lifetime. Nareshti, it is more a sign of caries (in the diet of children, meat and dairy products have changed, a piece of bread has increased).
Once again they showed: the end of the Middle Ages, the Reformation and the Great Geographical Revolution were for Europe "we will exchange light for the dark kingdom." Navpaki, children, the most diversified members of the Suspіlstva, spent mercy, childish budinki, that ability to take away the costless monastic sanctuary. The Reformation has led to more serious worries in the camp of health, lower neurosis, climatic disruption and economic hardships of the past century. Only until the 17th century, if the suspense of that power of the troch was adapting to "shock" minds, the situation began to improve - even though Britain had more than a century of horrific conflicts.
Who cares about the Serednyovichchya like the world of beautiful ladies and noble faces, and whoever gets in the hell that came from the paintings of Bosch and Pieter Brueghel the Elder. In a singsong way, at the world of Serednyovichchya, like in the hourly, the instruction from the zhahlivim coexisted beautifully - everything should lie down in order, the stars will marvel.
Anke Ber is proposing to live a small gap for an hour at once with the twelve lad Enders, the son of a merchant from the Hanseatic city of Lubeck. And the reader takes the light of the middle place in such a way as to succumb to this twelve-year-old boy, not roaming about the causes of that legacy and not giving assessments. At the same time with Enders, we went to the port of the escort of Yogo Batka, who turns from far along the road, knowing that in the gut in the new one, an unusual coin is already attached - a gift from the son's treasury; together with Enders we go to school, de you will be spun a hat in the shape of a donkey's head for a non-twisting lesson. And about the rebellion of the Lyubek remіsnikіv and other merchants, we know about the words of Yos's friend Jos, the farrier's son, who, repeating the words of his father, vigukuє in the guise of another anger ringing. At the same time with Enders, a few days are spent in the madder, while the medicine is trying to take the temperature with bloodletting and bleeds, and it’s cool to wear.
Two years ago, I was at the camps near Tallinn, near the Old Town, where the atmosphere of the middle town is carefully preserved: the narrow streets are paved with brukivka, the shops sell peas with zukr prepared according to old recipes, and on the Town Hall Square there is a pharmacy, the fifth . vice. One of the vіddіlіv ієї tієї tієї praktyuє like a museum, and there you can brew the middle zіllya: powder from їzhakіv, dried kazhanіv, poultice from rhinoceros horn and tincture on shkіrі toad. To say that in this apothecary there is a shelter for a unicorn, but I didn’t remember. Anke Berniby's book turned me back, if after training we got out of the hotel, to wander around the old quarters and look into the non-vibrant shops.
Reading “Enders, the son of a merchant”, you understand that the history of the country, the history of civilization is made up of hundreds of thousands of stories of specific people, from their thoughts, feelings, vchinkiv. I understand that you and your life are just a part of today's history.
But the most amazing thing is that in this book there is one more book that has been "introduced" - an album about the art of middle book illustration-miniatures. The book is illustrated in such a way that, like a moment of embellishment, the right middle book is a codex, as the books were called. Here you can play biblical plots, genre scenes, rosin ornaments, one of the most popular middle-aged plots - the “dance of death”, despawn skeletons grabbing rich people by the hands and beadings and start dancing with them. And є th kazkovі plots. The axis is a beautiful lady of the year of a unicorn, and the axis of Enders and Josa lakaє scary sea monster, like a dragon. I, mriyuchi about the unknown lands, Enders viriv, what a stench. Tsі malyunki zrozumіli zrozumіli for people Serednyovіchchya symbols and aluzіy, yakі we still need to figure it out.
Xenia Barisheva
More about the book by Anke Ber “Endres, sin merchant. From the Life of the Middle City" by Bogdan Ivanov at the statistic
Frame from the series "Gra of Thrones" Photo: imdb.com
The series "Graph of Thrones" is one of the most successful TV shows, and bastards are its key heroes. About the camp of bastards among the middle class, the rights of illegally born children to secession and bastards, as if they became kings, - in the materials of PostNauka.
term bastardus- the middle wine, which appears from the 11th century in the most important French gerels and, as a result of the most extensive explanations, resembles a Latin word bastum(“sidlo”), which means, apparently, a person, conceived “in a seat”, then on the go and (or) like a traveler, and not in a hat from a legitimate person.
Tezh middle-of-age illegitimus(“Illegal”), which appears in the dzherels of the XIII century. But before that, other terms were in use, which came from ancient Jewish, Greek and classical Latin and meant different categories of illegitimate people, although the names of different authors were defined differently. So, mamzer naming a child notus- I'll change my love, spurious- narodzhennoy kohanka, and naturalis- a concubine, a fast one, a single spivmeshkanka, close to a squad. Zgidno with other clouds, notusі spurious- produce a misalliance, only in the notus of a noble father, and spurius - a noble mother (so respecting Isidor Sevilsky). Naturalis a - tse ditina of two unfriendly people, yakі theoretically can lay a hat; such children can decline, as a father cannot have legitimate children.
Bastard and law
The illegality of the people was a taboo topic, it was discussed with the legislature - take, for example, the Merton Statute of 1235 and the English “Laws about the poor” of 1536. The task of lawmakers was to regulate the rights of inheritance as clearly as possible, avoid calls and conflicts, otherwise, as in the case of the "Laws about the poor", take from the bulk of the burden of the burden of a single mother, putting it on a taєmnogo kufatalіdіdentі. Little by little, the peace of moral order sounded: why is a person guilty of suffering for the sins of others (his fathers)? Suffering wine is not less than the one who has spared the recession, but through the other exchanges. For example, according to the imperial legislation, the bastard was able to occupy huge settlements and was to conduct a medical practice.
The camp of bastards was changing in the hour of that open space, the diversity of manhood was growing a lot of key food. Why is it possible for the father to legitimize the child after the fact with the path of the slubu s її matіr'yu, with the path of official exoneration її with his child, what is it like a different path? Chi could high mercy vryatuvat vіd brand bastard? Do some kind of vinyatka bastards have an instant claim to the bastard? The development of these themes correlated with greater changes in the middle-class family law and the main law, we were in front of the tighter framework of the shlubu, including the fence incest and bigamia, the Gregorian reform of the 11th century, and with the transition to the primogeniture of the birthright.
As a result, although the deacons in their lives prone to discriminate against the bastards in the 7th-8th centuries, most of the 12th centuries they call it a turning point in illegitimate narodzhenim: opportunities for them were shortened (on the front of the front centuries, bastards of aristocrats of princes could no longer be recognized by Anglians in churches, - with feathers), but at the same time, the status of those іsnuyuchi rights were legally fixed, and in the tsomu sense, the bastards were legalized. The choice of this frontier follows Robert Moore's pleasurable concept about the formation of the "research society" in the XII century - the beginning of European intolerance and the exclusion and re-examination of different menshin.
King Arthur. Image from the tapestry of Christian heroes. Photo: wikipedia.org
The same topic, which is still relevant, is known in the literature on the venacular, starting from the French epic poem "Raoul de Cambrai"; in other texts, bastards are the most beloved and important middle heroes: King Arthur and Charlemagne, Charlemagne.
The camp of bastards after the XII century
Ale and at the next century there were rozbіzhnostі that kolyvannya. So, in some places in the XIV-XV centuries, illegal people - like mistsev, so і zayv - could become full-fledged residents, but here they could not; vtim, could not deyakі іnshі category, for example, unfriendly people. As a rule, the admission of bastards and the liberalization of immigration policy were caused by demographic crises after the epidemic.
It is important for mothers in the country, that, as if there were no legislation, especially without clear laws about bastards in the early Middle Ages, the fathers could act on their own judgment. For example, bastardi bulo buti were the falloffs of the main, indestructible lane, ale bulo z new; they could be given generous gifts at the warehouse of a rumbly mine, and daughters - with an expanded posag, or recognize them as a boarding house from the sobs, as if it were a legitimate drop, and talk about respectable slubnyh parties
Vlasne, this stratum - together with the number of specific fathers and special conditions (for example, the adoption of legitimate children, which often lead to the legalization of bastards and bring them to the formation of legal squads) - and initially the camp of the people was a child's pose. The less socially descend, the less enviable are the prospects: poor women simply threw such children without a bar after their people. For picking up at the rich places, lintels were built: the spire of St. Catherine in London, or the Holy Spirit in Rome (Pope Innokenty III fell asleep, so that the women did not leave more of their children at the river Tiber), famous Ospedale degli Innocenti(“The Innocent Pillow” near Florence): from the first hundred of the knowledge that they ate in this porch, 99 were bastards, which were born most importantly from servant mothers and patrician fathers.
Bastardi in Jewish communities
To represent the middle European world as multicultural, and not exclusively Roman-Christian, and do not forget about the diaspora, you can look at the status of illegal people in Jewish communities. It is important that the Sephardi - Spanish Jews were especially virulent with libertinage. Under the influx of the navkolishnoї Moslem practice of the stench, they started not other squads, then concubines, which were often the servants of the Saracens, then the girls from the other ethno-confessional community and lower social status. Like a similar concubinage, bringing offspring, it called out especially the furry of the rabbins, like they stood up to defend the images of the feelings and position of the lawful squads that were kidnapped.
The people dealt with the problem in different ways: when the Jews killed two of the many children, the people of the Utrimanka-Saratsin (there are no people - there are no problems), Hebrew, but without showing serious competition to the lawful recessions of the father. However, these children, even if they were people of a legal position, were not in the same way illegal people, mamzers, zgіdno z jewish law. Mamzer is a child, born by a foreign woman not like a man. The status of mamzers is unenviable, they can only make friends with those who are similar to themselves and recognize other discrimination. Those who are of a different social category are clearly seen, for example, in such an anecdote from the Babylonian Talmud:
Having said to Zeira in Mahuzi: "It is permitted for a proselyte to make friends with the illegitimate people." They threw Yogo all hearing with their etrogs. Having said to Rava: “Who is it to say such things among the misters, de rich proselytists?” Rava in Mahuzi said: "It is allowed for a proselyte to make friends with the daughter of a Koen." Navantage yoga with seams.
Vrakhovuyuchy seriousness of the past, ring out, as if a person was ready to recognize his child, they tried, so that the mystery of the її trip didn’t virinal, and sometimes in spite of the obviousness: for example, they deafened that the vagіtnіst was trying for twelve months just.
Bastardi at noble families
The theme of the illegality of the bula is relevant to us in front of all the versions of the suspenst, even on the right, the bula is not so in the sinfulness of the sex-loving, as in the inherited status of that mother. Obviously, the laws about bastards were of interest to people, as they were rich in wealth and power, and people poured them into them. It is noteworthy that the formalization of the status of a bastard in the XII century was not only for the appointment of an inter-legal shlyub in canonical law, but also for the formation of nobles, often occupied by superchicks about the recession and require effective legislation.
Wilhelm I the Conqueror, illegitimate son of the Norman Duke Robert II Chudovy. Photo: wikipedia.org
The more nobility to stand at the gatherings of the seigneurial-vassal hierarchy, the more chances, that the plot with bastards will entrust the respect of the lord of the church, to appear in the dzherelah and day to this day. For example, in the 12th century, the Count of Rusillon was sued by two papi for those who, having given birth to a lawful squad and mother of a lawful son, and resurrecting with a rich horseman, a mother of other children, and preventively fenced the county to illegal bastards. Tim, Count, mabut, and without thinking about children in the circumvention of the lawful son, but that, at his own side, without depriving him of the lawful recessions, also not looking at the bastards, but commanding the county to his suzerain - the Count of Barcelona.
The second yaskravy butt, which can be seen before that transitional period, the passage between the legal school and the cob of bastards, includes the fate of the “well-wishing person”. The nephew of the English lord William Sackville begins poses, planning to take away the uncle in the circle of his cousin and yogo daughter, influencing the fact that she is illegally people, oskolki slyub z її mother'yu uncle annulled by the papal legate. Donka’s lawyer guiltily defending her interests, pointing out, for example, to those who are innocent and not guilty of confessing her father for the sins, and also to those who, as if robbing the slut retroactively to rob the people of new children with bastards, then the French princes are illegally born. - daughters of Alienori of Aquitaine and Louis VII, they broke their hats.
Royal bastards
Could buti and more might interest in bringing someone down. So, the English king Henry II, having given the title and freedom to the natives - so it is to the legitimate daughters and the illegitimate son, Earl of Cornwall, on the basis of the fact that the count himself was the bastard of King Henry I. . With this, it is necessary - far from being far from possible - to separate reality and znaryadda in political grі: they were impeccable bastards, they didn’t make it to take the throne, they were legally weak, they spent their chances for power, they were branded as bastards by the witches of the court.
Bastard house of Charlemagne Charles Martell. A bastard buv Wilhelm the Conqueror, who replaced the price of his first prize - Bastard. Tsіkavo, scho vin zmіg become king, then yogo illegitimate people onuk Richard Gloucester in the XII century no longer zmіg. Bastardi - not stamped, but titled - boules from Pilip II of France, Henry I of England and from the various kings of Castile and Aragon. Not seeming already about the number of incestuous royal dresses, in which children were born, which were not deafened by bastards without need.
First of all, when necessary, the rebellious nobility went into such a strategy, like a support of the royal bastards against the legitimate downfalls. Depending on the alignment of forces in the feudal coalitions, similar strife could end in the defeat of a bastard, as it became in the war of the Castilian king Pedro Zhorstoky with his illegitimate brother, after the death of Pedro by King Enrique II. And a century later, part of the Castilian nobility respected their vigilance to recognize the illegally born daughter of the second Enrique - Enrique IV - Juan and support in the struggle for the throne of his sister Izabella, the future Izabella Katolika.
Coronation portrait of Elizabeth I Tudor. Photo: wikipedia.org
Another great queen of the late Middle Ages, Elizabeth Tudor, being the daughter of the king and the queen, was repeatedly called illegal, and for various reasons. After the stratum of її mother, that laying її the father of a new girl, Elizabeth Bula was stunned by a bastard, the shards of її mother were no longer queen, and she was spared the title of Princess of Wales. During the first year, the Catholic party repeatedly murmured about the illegality of the queen, not knowing the legitimacy of the separation of her father from the first retinue, Catherine of Aragon, that girl from the maid of honor.
Bastards in culture
Just as, ozzoumilo, the very phenomenon, so the middle-class discourse about bastards with yoga duality - the rise of political pragmatism and Christian moralism - was saved at the New Hour. Thus, the Duke of Saint-Simon, in his memoirs, was overwhelmed that Louis XIV the power of the love of his honorable children from the princes of the blood, by himself the flame of the impurity of the holy of saints of the kingdom - the royal homeland. Bastards, from the look of Saint-Simon, are no less unclean to those who have blood flowing in their veins, and not black blood, but to those who bear the stigma of the sin of the fathers.
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At all times, the royal family was special and hung over the reshtou light and ordinary people. The life of the royal family was full of satisfaction and privileges, with which the status was small and how it was accepted by the divine will. And, obviously, the life of the members of the royal family was the subject of respect for the common people. Nothing so attracted the eyes of those eyes, like the people of a child of royal blood.
The people of Britain (and not only) and in our days impatient checks for the people of the children of Duchess Katherine and Prince William. But the details of the appearance of the world of the royal children in our days are not so hospitable, the Duchess scattered like more people in the current world - in a clean, well-lit room with a dekilkom by medical specialists nearby. Chi is on the right in the Middle Ages.
1. Not rich enough - 200 people wondered how the people were queen
The birth of the new chovna of the royal family was not just a great day, it was a political feat, as it could have been thrown into the lot of the entire power. Tsya podia could feel success or the fall of the monarchy, so people were turbulent with pologs. Because of the reason for the people of the child of the royal blood, it was not a private right of this, but I would, as the unease of the vastness called out. Chi tse will be a boy? Future King? Like a future ruler, the child was more indebted to the people, lower than the queen herself, she made people in the presence of a great number of gazers, skins from which they respectfully guarded the process, so that the child would become healthy in the field and escape deceit.
If Marie Antoinette, the Queen of France, gave birth in 1778, there were 200 people in her bedroom. The very moment of the birth of a child is so important that if the midwife uttered the words: “Queen of the people”, for a second hundreds of courtesans rushed into the darkened room. The king was punished with special cords to fasten the tapestries on the bed of the queen, so that they did not provoke the pranks of the natovp. The scene was unbearable on the floor, which Marie Antoinette looked at in the heat, and the peeping eyes were seen on the furniture in order to indulge the people of the future monarch.
2. Kіmnata, in yakіy narodzhuvala queen, bula styled under the uterus
Approximately a month before the day of the fall, Korolova ceased to take a part in secular life and moved to special peace, in which she was left right up to the day X. This is not the simplest and most acceptable period of life. When you have a chance to get better, think of some who had a chance to live a queen in a period, they were more suvorim. All the windows in the room were clogged with windows and covered with slit curtains, and fresh air practically did not penetrate into the room. The light was also respected by the unsafe, for the eyes of the queen could be harmed. By the bedroom you can hang tapestries with non-turbo religious scenes and landscapes. It’s not enough to accept the relief of becoming a future mother, but I won’t discord.
It was important that real paintings, in which people or creatures were depicted, could recall the wondrous vision of the woman and the acceptance of the appearance of calcium in the child. The idea was that the queen could give birth to a monarch in ideal comfort. Independently in the season, in the room there was a living fire, and in the chambers the women were watching, as only whispers spoke. The fresh lines and the grass croaked under the log, and they changed them every day, so that the room was clean and fresh. It seemed to the queen that it became important in the sight of the dim and dark, the expanse of the white of the bed was illuminated for a help candle, and it gave a little bit of light. As we have already said, the room itself symbolized the uterus, to that everything that seemed to nashtohuvalo on the thought of obezzhennya chi solitude, suvalas chi corrected. The doors of the closet were fixed, all the hairpins were twisted, all the knots were untied - everything that is good, aby straighten the flow of the energy of the name. Around the queen there were often women who sang songs for her. Your voices and prayers of St. Margaret (as ymovirno could vibratisya from the womb of the dragon itself, which її rotted) made the camp of the queen queen easier.
3. These people believed that the sickly canopies were punished for original sin
Wanting the people of the day, the children of this year embrace with them like a saintly, stretching out riches to make an unbearable bіl, having entered into the obov'yazkovoy and the necessary warehouse process. Agony, like the women tried the low hour, was closely tied to the fall of Eve in the Garden of Eden and symbolized the scale of the original sin. Painkillers did not win the battle with royal families.
4. Women from the royal family got used to various speeches - from chloroform to cocaine - to make it easier
Women in royal families rang out to the song of life, and, obviously, the stench did not want to know the pain at a gentle hour. Through the course of history, the canopies were vowed by a painful process, which no one could vanish in a moment, and not all queens were ready to accept their share. Queen Victoria, who lived in the 1800s and gave birth to nine children, launched a campaign that allowed the royal mothers to take painkillers to ease the process of relief.
If Queen Victoria made Leopold's son known, she knew a doctor who used chloroform to relieve pain. “Oh, what a blessed chloroform,” she wrote later, “quietly miraculous zasib.” But it was impossible to get sick of the pain in the canopies, the shards of the whole thing came to the point of moral reconciliation about those who deserved the women's merit in the canopy - such is their share. And after the protests of Queen Victoria, the reconciliation began to change, and the women began to ask for anesthesia, which they won the ether.
This destruction of the mind has relieved the share of the royal family, and sprung the blame for new medical approaches. Doctors began to pronounce different kinds of speech to the breeds - nitric oxide, quinine, opium and cocaine. Until the end of the century, women from the royal family were vowed over the lower ones in order to feel pain without stoking painkillers. So stinks sometimes fought drugs with a non-medical method, which led their people into a stupor. For those who want more extreme sensations, the doctors spit out a cocktail of drugs, which calmed the flooring, which she did not remember anything. In some cases, the drugs called out hallucinations, and it seemed that the doctors should tie up their eyes with their eyes or tie them up with their hands.
5. It was important that the behavior of that watchfulness of pregnancy could mean becoming a child
Knowledge about the reproductive system of people in the Serednyovichchi was mediocre. A lot of people, especially human beings, believed that the female genitals were in fact human organs, inverted navivorit. It was important that the uterus and ovaries were vivernous, so that a woman could mother children, but in fact they were human organs. This perekonannya allowed people to be put up to women like to fit through those that their organs were not fully developed and only an inaccurate version of their human “analogues”.
It's no wonder those who look at those who were supposed to become a future child, were even more wonderful. The stench did not understand that to become a child to lie in the sperm of a man, and forever laid the blame for the birth of a child of a woman's status on a matir. Middle thinkers and herbalists also respected the fact that on the basis of a future child, some medicinal products can be thrown in. Experts from the royal bedchambers (for example, at the royal houses were so) describe those, how small the mother's future lies, so that a decaying person was born. It is clear that until the end of time, one did not begin to become a child until the very moment of the birth, that one could always be stuck on the divine decision at the hour of pregnancy.
6. Unsanitary conditions often led to fatal infections being blamed
In Serednyovichi, people still did not know so much about sanitation. Navit naybagatsha queen often sang in the minds, as if at once they would call it “unsanitary conditions”, and it created a serious risk for a healthy mother, as well as a child. Ailment, like a lihoman's fever, or lihoman's fever, - a septic infection of the reproductive organs - was even more widespread and always led to the death of a young mother.
7. The queen could not be present at the christening of her child
Approximately for a stretch of 6 days after the semester, the queen was guilty of hovatsya in the court of conscience. The child was immediately accepted by the court and withdrew recognition, having passed the rite of baptism, and the newly-baked mother was guilty of staying at her bedroom for a day, until she was blessed and “cleansed” by the priest. Only a little more than a second won could turn to the vikonannya of the king's shoes. It was important that such a “cleansing” was needed after such a brutish, as it was respected, process.
8. Lady women with royal family could not know about their camp until the 5th month
Vagіtnіst at that hour was burnt by the mystery of that fear. In our days, the image of female women is everywhere, and the process of people's minds is good, but the stretching of the greater part of history was not good. The canopies in the Middle Ages were rizikovannoy on the right, to that all mothers (like rich, so bіdnі) stuck to the possibility of ease or to induce death. That same skin third woman was dying for half an hour, the shards of medical knowledge were based not so much on science, but on zabobons, domisles and stupid rituals.
Rich women at that hour did not know about their camp, the docks did not see the first rukhіv near the stomach. Tse traplyalsya sounded at the term close to 5 months, and then sounded the woman was not inspired if a child was born. There were no tests for vaginess yet, so the queens turned for advice to the doctor, who had completed their slaughter, to signify - what was the truth about the decline. For the nation, it was important, obviously, to take away the information.
9. Women wrote a commandment in front of the canopies on that slope, as if the stench could not be endured
The entrance of the queen or the children were the greatest fears that afflicted the royal people. In 1533, when Queen Elizabeth I was born, the practice of curtains was considered unsafe, so all the royal women were called to write commendations in front of the curtains.
10. Vagitna queen took away valuable gifts
The royal wives of the Renaissance epoch, as if they wore children under their hearts, gave a special gift - a dance, on which the biblical scenes of the people and urochistas were depicted. On the bottom there were various salmons, for example, chicken soup and malt. If the mother's day would call them, the dancers would hang them on the wall like a decoration. Those were valuable souvenirs.